托福考试备考阅读理解toeol

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托福考试备考阅读理解1

待插入句子】 This process of speciation and colonization could have been repeated over and over again, gradually involving all the islands in the chain.

【待插入段落】The species on the Galapagos Islands today, most of which occur nowhere else, descended from organisms that floated, flew, or were blown over the sea from the South American mainland. For instance, the Galapagos island chain has a total of thirteen species of closely related birds called Galapagos finches. These birds have many similarities but differ in their feeding habits and their beak type, which is correlated with what they eat. Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands. Completely isolated on the island after migrating from the mainland, the founder population may have undergone significant changes in its gene pool and become a new species. [■] Later, a few individuals of this new species may have been blown by storms to a neighboring island. [■]Isolated on this second island, the second founder population could have evolved into a second new species, which could later recolonize the island from which its founding population emigrated.[■]Today each Galapagos island has multiple species of finches, with as many as ten on some islands.[■]

1.答案：3rd square;

2.待插入句子：这个分化和殖民的过程会被不断重复，逐渐地包含所有的岛屿。

3.待插入段落：1st, 在G群岛上的物种们(大部分在别处都不存在)，起源于一些生物(它们漂浮/飞或者被吹过来)2nd, 举个例子，G群岛共有13种关系紧密的鸟类(叫G flinches)。3rd, 这些鸟儿在饮食习性及嘴巴类型上有差异(这和它们的食物相匹配)。4th, 越来越多证据表明，13种鸟都来自一种古代鸟。5th, 完全隔绝在岛上，最初的群体经历了巨大的改变(在基因库)，并变成了新物种。

6th, 之后，(新物种的)一些个体被风暴吹到了临近的岛屿。

7th, 在这第二个岛上被隔离，第二个founder population进化出第二个新物种(它们后来重新占领了那个岛——它们的祖先就是从这里移居出去的)。

8th, 现在，每个G岛都有好多种类的flinches。

4.分析：待插入句子提到了this process，所以要有指代，而且说的是不断分化和殖民的过程，看起来是比较概括性的说法，前面应该对这个过程有具体阐述。

在段落中，前面第一句话是总起的Topic Sentence; 之后举具体的例子，开始描述G群岛上鸟类的分化过程，5th～7th具体讲了如何从最初的鸟分化到更多，所以正好放在7th后面，8th开始讲分化之后的结果，正好衔接起来。

词汇积累

descended from 起源于

differ in 有差异

correlated with 和...相符

founder 创建者

托福考试备考阅读理解2

题目：European Green Crab: Tough Survivor

大致内容

GreenCrab，原产地在欧洲西海岸，但通过shiptransportation的方式逐渐widespread the world。它能够生存是因为对环境有适应力，适应温度能力较强，食物来源广泛，繁殖能力很强，并且因为体型较小，人类不会进行捕杀。相对Asian crab and blue crab有较强竞争力。因为more robustbody。科学家通过实验发现green crab找到食物location的能力更强，并且有更强的食物争夺能力，虽然Asian crab is more aggressive

文章“欧洲绿色螃蟹：强悍的生存者”，主要介绍欧洲的绿色螃蟹为什么能够随人类到达北美和澳洲后，成为当地强悍的入侵者(因为它们拥有多种强悍的适应能力，各段分类介绍)。

European Green Crab: Tough Survivor重复2016.09.10上午(本年度新题)

考句：Certainly green crabs have many of the attributes that seem to be prerequisites for successful invasion, including the ability to rapidly produce large numbers of offspring (one female green crab can lay up to 185,000 eggs per clutch and can produce clutches twice a year) and the biological tools needed to survive the environmental differences from one region to the next.

解析：这是文章句子简化题所在句。句子的难点有三：一是词汇量大，如attributes，prerequisites;二是长难句经典难点之并列对象的寻找(and the biological tools究竟与前面哪个成分并列，进而影响句意);三是抽象语义，即翻译成中文也不太明白作者所指的表达，如句尾出现的“the biological tools needed…”，什么叫做“被需要能够忍受从一个地区到下一个地区的不同环境差异的生物工具”，真是翻译成中文也不明白作者在说什么(这时候需要向后文寻找抽象语义的具体对应)。结果下一句话又是一句长难句：These tools include an unusual tolerance for wide ranges of water temperature and salinity, a widely varied diet that includes mainly bivalves such as oysters, clams, and mussels but also other crabs, seaweed, aquatic worms, insects, and small fish, and an aptitude for learning new foraging techniques. (分了三个层级的多重并列和大量生词)

托福考试备考阅读理解3

考题1

The phrase "this respect" in the passage refers to

A. enormous variations

B. being smaller

C. number of inhabitants

D. shared characteristics

解析：

难点一，很多考生误以为这是词汇题，而词汇题的通常问法是：The word/phrase "…" is closest in meaning to。这道题题干中的“refers to”表明这是代词指代题，需要读懂句子找清前后指代关系;

难点二，很多人不知道respect有名词用法，=aspect，表“方面”;

难点三，回到原文读考句，读不懂。该句为： One may call them towns because even though they varied enormously in numbers of inhabitants, and some were smaller than large villages in this respect, they shared certain characteristics that set them off from rural settlements. 表明从居民数量的方面来看，一些城镇比大村庄的居民数量还少，但它们仍然是城镇，共享着区别于村庄的某些特征。所以此题正确答案是C。

考

Because what distinguished towns from villages was not so much size as the density of economic and social activities, one writer has argued that an important criterion for town is the existence of traffic jams—the hustle and bustle of oxcarts, long lines of wagons bringing fruits and vegetables, raw materials, and finished goods to markets, and the parade of men and women coming to shop, visit, or attend meetings.

解析：

这是句子简化题所在考句，最大考点在于“not so much A…as B”句式真正意义的考查。在这里，否定A，而肯定B。即城镇区别于村庄的特征并不是其规模大小，而是其经济活动和社会活动的密集度。同样的句式表达还有less A than B。反过来，more A than B，就是肯定A而否定B了。这一考点在同一篇文章中又再次考到，看下题。

考题3

考句：In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns. Growth came less from the creation of new towns than from the flow of immigrants to old settlements.

It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that urban growth in southern Europe was marked by

A. more people in a greater number of towns

B. more people in the same number of towns

C. development of new settlement patterns

D. movement of people into newly created towns

解析：

第一句话“In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns.”属于抽象语言，对抽象语言的理解，一靠大量阅读的积淀，二靠向下文寻找具体对应。此句中的抽象概念“more continuity from earlier settlement patterns”，具体对应到下句的“the flow of immigrants to old settlements”。因为“less A than B”中，A是否定内容，B才是作者重点叙述的肯定内容。

所以综合两句信息来看，南欧地区城镇的增长是来自于移民涌入原有的老的定居点，而不是去建造新的定居点/新城镇。所以正确答案选B。