TOEFL真题整合

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2020年1月12日托福考试真题答案

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TOEFL真题1

The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.

Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.

Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.

If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.

托福阅读题目：

1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets

from baskets of other groups?

(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs

(B) The unusual geometric

(D) The rare materials used

2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) maintain

(B) organize

(D) create

3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT

(A) shells

(B) feathers

(D) bark

4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?

(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.

(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.

(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.

5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to

(A) masters

(B) baskets

(D) surfaces

6.According to the passage , a weft is a

(A) tool for separating sedge root

(B) process used for coloring baskets

(D) pattern used to decorate baskets

7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?

(A) bullrush

(B) willow

(D) redbud

8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to

(A) decoration

(B) shape

(D) object

9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the

relationship between

(A) bullrush and coiling

(B) weft and warp

(D) sedge and weaving

10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) combinations

(B) limitations

(D) basic elements

11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) systematic

(B) beautiful

(D) compatible

12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?

(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the

Pomo people.

(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.

(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.

托福阅读答案：

BDCBB CBDAD CA

TOEFL真题2

托福阅读文本：

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

托福阅读题目：

1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing

(B) traveling

(D) destroying

2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to

(A) clouds

(B) oceans

(D) compounds

3.According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

(A) precipitating onto the ground

(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state

(D) being carried by wind

4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network" (line 8) is to

(A) determine the size of molecules of water

(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding

(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers

5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in

the third paragraph?

(A) The potential energy contained in water

(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds

(D) The relative size of the water storage areas

6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) method

(D) reliability

7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to

(A) insoluble ions

(B) soluble ions

(D) continents

8.All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(D) calcium

9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) relationship

(B) growth

(D) effectiveness

托福阅读答案：

AACCD CABD

TOEFL真题3

托福阅读文本：

The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.

The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The NationalAcademy of Design

(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River

(D) The training of American artists in European academies

2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

(A) Figural painting

(B) Landscape painting

(D) Historical painting

3. The word "struggle" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) connection

(B) distance

(D) competition

4. The word "monopolized" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) alarmed

(B) dominated

(D) pursued

5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?

(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.

(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.

(D) It supported their growth and development.

6. The word "it" in line 12 refers to

(A) matter

(B) technique

(D) country

7. The word "factions" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) sides

(B) people

(D) images

8. The word "flattering" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) expressive

(B) serious

(D) flashy

9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?

(A) In Europe

(B) In the Adirondacks

(D) In New Hampshire

托福阅读答案：

BBDBD CACA

TOEFL真题4

托福阅读文本：

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.

Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.

One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?

(A) in 1803

(B) sometime before 1850

(D) near the end of the nineteenth century

3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the

icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

8.According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to

indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore's design was fairly successful

10.According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

(D) markets

托福阅读答案：

BBACC DBCDAB

TOEFL真题整合

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