GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

还有些错误选项，主题和修饰错位，或者把不相关的内容拼凑在一起，看似哪边都沾一点关系，其实本身却是错位选项，也很容易影响考生的判断。这种选项同样具有很强的干扰性，可能选项中部分选取了文章内容，但之后引导出的结论却和文章完全没有关系，也是考验大家对于文章细节记忆能力的干扰项，最好的应对方法是阅读过程中多做标记定位，解题时适当参考就可以避免错位混淆。

4. 使用极端词汇

极端项其实是比较明显的错误干扰选项，常会使用一些代表主观判断的最高级词汇比如best/most/least，唯一性词汇比如only、alone或者比较级词汇比如better、worse等。这些选项表现出一种极端的不容否定的态度。看似很有道理其实却并正确。这类选项由于标志明显，所以熟悉套路以后反而很容易发现，考生也会主动去注意那些极端词汇，稍加留意就不会中招了。

5. 脑补未提及内容

这种错误选项陷阱也比较常见，故意给出一些看似很有联系的新信息点，说得头头是道，考生如果因为文章篇幅较长没有阅读全文，就会以为自己没看仔细，其实这些所谓的信息都是一些根本没有出现在文章中完全和题目无关的未提及选项。这类选项同样很好辨认，看似涉及到了细节，但实际上并没有在文章中提到，大家面对阅读要学会根据文章所提内容进行选择，千万不要自己想当然，只要能做到这点，那么这种类型的干扰错误选项就无用武之地了。

6. 带入常识判断

这种错误选项的制定思路是根据一些常识性的推断，引导考生做出的判断，其本身带有很强的主观性，而并不是客观的事实，如果考生不加注意就很容易被带歪思路。类似上文的未提项，这类主观项同样是建立在看似迎合实则错误引导考生思路的做法上的。大家在阅读过程中应学会以文章内容为主，不要想当然地去结合自己的经历经验进行联想。脚踏实地才能做好这类题目。

记住错误干扰选项特征快速解题

之所以要特别列出阅读中的错误选项，是因为这种选项对于考生阅读部分的正确率杀伤率极高。比起其它一目了然的数学或者填空题，GRE阅读要解题首先就要读文章，很多考生读完文章，特别是长篇文章后，本身思路已经有些混乱，再被这些干扰选项祸害一下，很容易就会出现连续错误。而许多考生对于GRE阅读存在的畏惧情绪和心理阴影，其实也往往是由错误选项导致的。

上文提到的这些GRE阅读中常见错误干扰选项，小编希望大家都能够有所了解。GRE阅读本身就是比较有难度又消耗时间的题型，考生如果能够结合本文内容提升阅读解题速度和正确率，那么对于提高GRE整体成绩将会有很大帮助。

GRE阅读题目解析:十七世纪荷兰绘画

P52

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality. The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art. However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic. How explicit and consistent the symbolizing process was intended to be is a much thornier matter, but anyone who has more familiarity than a passing acquaintance with Dutch literature or with the kinds of images used in illustrated books (above all emblem books) will know how much less pervasive was the habit of investing ordinary objects than of investing scenes with meaning that go beyond their surface and outward appearance. In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jongh published an extraordinary array of material — especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature — that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone.

The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures. De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic. Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books. Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that).

To maintain as Brown does, that the two children in Netscher’s painting A Lady Teaching a Child to Read stand for industry and idleness is to fail to understand that the painting has a variety of possible meanings, even though the picture undoubtedly carriers unmistakable symbolic meanings, too. Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels between a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings. But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula. To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century.

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

A. Reconciling two different points of view about how art reflects

B. Criticizing a traditional method of interpretation

C. Tracing the development of an innovative scholarly approach

D. Describing and evaluating a recent critical approach

E. Describing a long-standing controversy and how it was resolved

2. The author of the passage mentions bridles in the highlighted portion of the passage most likely in order to

A. Suggest that restraint was only one of the many symbolic meanings attached to bridles

B. Provide an example of an everyday, physical object that was not endowed with symbolic meaning

C. Provide an example of an object that modern critics have endowed with symbolic meaning different from the meaning assigned it by seventeenth-century Dutch artists

D. Provide an example of an object with symbolic meaning that was not always used as a symbol

E. Provide an example of an everyday object that appears in a significant number of seventeenth century Dutch paintings

3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?

A. It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding paragraph

B. It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph

C. It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based

D. It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach

E. It provides further information about the unusual phenomenon described in the preceding paragraph

4. The passage suggests which of the following about emblem books in seventeenth-century Holland?

A. They confirm that seventeenth century Dutch painting depict some objects and scenes rarely found in daily life.

B. They are more useful than vernacular literature in providing information about the symbolic content of seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

C. They have been misinterpreted by art critics, such as de Jongh, who claim seventeenth century Dutch paintings contain symbolic meaning

D. They are not useful in interpreting seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting.

E. They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

P52

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality.

十九世纪后期，艺术评论家们把十七世纪的荷兰绘画视为对现实的直接反映。

The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art.

在讨论中，绘画作为一个社会民主程度的指标，如实地反映了社会阶层，活动，和职业，包罗万象的现实主义被视为荷兰艺术的巨大成就。

However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic.

然而，更晚近的关于荷兰艺术的研究发现，这些画作被理解为象征死亡，世俗生命的复活，以及神的力量，也被解释为各种信息，从温和地道德教化到强硬地说教。

(take A as B 把 A 理解 / 解释为 B)

How explicit and consistent the symbolizing process was intended to be is a much thornier matter, but anyone who has more familiarity than a passing acquaintance with Dutch literature or with the kinds of images used in illustrated books (above all emblem books) will know how much less pervasive was the habit of investing ordinary objects than of investing scenes with meaning that go beyond their surface and outward appearance.

这种刻意为之的象征过程有多明显以及多稳定，是另一个更为棘手的问题，但任何对荷兰文学或图书(包括所有 emblem books)中出现过的那些画面稍有了解的人，都会意识到，采用超越表象另有深意的画面，比采用常见实物的图片的情况更普遍。

(抓狂，慢慢来。

加粗部分为主干，will know 后面有个小倒装，还原为：

…… will know how much less pervasive the habit of investing ordinary objects was than(the habit)of investing scenes with meaning that ……

above 在 … 之上，超出某种范围。不知道用在这是什么意思，只能猜测，all emblem books 中都存在这种现象，即 use certain kinds of images，所以把 above 意译为包括。这种译法我自己也不太相信。

invest 投资，付出(时间、精力等)于某事物，授予(职位、地位或荣誉)。我不确定这是不是合乎规格的用法，只能猜测在文段中，是在书中采用图片的意思。

emblem book

An emblem book is a book collecting emblems (allegorical illustrations) with accompanying explanatory text, typically morals or poems. This category of books was popular in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_book)

百度说这东西叫寓意画册，大家体会下。)

In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jongh published an extraordinary array of material — especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature — that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone.

1960 年代中期，E d J 公布了一系列不寻常的材料 —— 尤其是来自于 emblem books 和白话文学 —— 证实了荷兰绘画不能只看表面价值。

The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures.

然而，像 d J 这样的评论者的研究发现的主要困难，在于难以评估荷兰观众对这些画作的解读的多种不同层次。

De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic.

D J 的后继者们特别地把这些画视为纯象征性的。

Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books.

不是荷兰绘画中出现的每种事物，都有必要解释为像 emblem books 里那样有什么寓意。

Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that).

不是每个暖脚炉都要解释为 1614 年 R V 的作品 S 中出现的暖脚炉，不是每副马笼头都象征着约束(尽管很多时候确实象征着约束)。

正如 B 认为 N 的作品 A Lady Teaching a Child to Read 代表勤劳和懒惰，未能理解这幅画包含的其他可能的含义，尽管这幅画无疑也带有明显的象征意味。

Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels between a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings.

当代艺术史学者可能也认为，发现一幅画和一种特定的象征之间的对比关系很有趣，他们也许会像十七世纪的观众那样，寻找许多画背后的类比对象。

But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula.

但十七世纪的观众的反应，很难概括成公式。

To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century.

否则就意味着一种更复杂的心理过程，也可以定义对十七世纪荷兰艺术的现代解读，但那很大程度上已经跟十七世纪没什么关系了。

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

A. Reconciling two different points of view about how art reflects

B. Criticizing a traditional method of interpretation

C. Tracing the development of an innovative scholarly approach

D. Describing and evaluating a recent critical approach

E. Describing a long-standing controversy and how it was resolved

选 D

描述以及评估一种近期出现的批评方法。

以前人们认为荷兰绘画的特点是写实，后来发现其中有很多象征意义，后者就是 recent critial approach，代表人物是 Eddy de Jongh 以及后面出现的 Brown 。

2. The author of the passage mentions bridles in the highlighted portion of the passage most likely in order to

A. Suggest that restraint was only one of the many symbolic meanings attached to bridles

B. Provide an example of an everyday, physical object that was not endowed with symbolic meaning

C. Provide an example of an object that modern critics have endowed with symbolic meaning different from the meaning assigned it by seventeenth-century Dutch artists

D. Provide an example of an object with symbolic meaning that was not always used as a symbol

E. Provide an example of an everyday object that appears in a significant number of seventeenth century Dutch paintings

选 D

句 9：

…… not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that)

没啥解释的。

3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph(句 10 - 13) of the passage?

A. It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding paragraph

B. It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph

C. It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based

D. It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach

E. It provides further information about the unusual phenomenon described in the preceding paragraph

选 B

句 8 - 9 出现的三个 not every … 已经提示我们，把画上出现的所有元素都视为象征是不可取的，进入第三段，作者进一步明确指出，这样看待作品可能产生的后果，… fail to understand that the painting has a variety of possible meanings, …(句 10)。

可以认为这是一种 caveat 警告，告诫。

所以选 B 。

4. The passage suggests which of the following about emblem books in seventeenth-century Holland?

A. They confirm that seventeenth century Dutch painting depict some objects and scenes rarely found in daily life.

B. They are more useful than vernacular literature in providing information about the symbolic content of seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

C. They have been misinterpreted by art critics, such as de Jongh, who claim seventeenth century Dutch paintings contain symbolic meaning

D. They are not useful in interpreting seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting.

E. They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting.

选 E

当你以为这是一道综合全局信息才能判断的题，其实它是一道细节题。

题目所问的 emblem books 寓意画册，第一次出现在句 4：

只要对荷兰文学和图书(包括 emblem books)中所采用的图片有基本的熟悉，就知道多数是象征性的，而不是写实的。

回溯句 1：

In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality.

十九世纪的评论家认为荷兰画是对现实的直接反映，即写实的。

综合两部分，可以确定 E 正确。

GRE阅读题目解析:十八世纪英国文化权威

P53

Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive. Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading. Likewise, while the naïve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers. Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear. Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.” Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors. While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.

1. The author’s primary purpose is that

A. the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionable

B. a distinction between two genres of writing has been overlooked

C. a particular issue is more complex than it might appear

D. two apparently different works share common features

E. two eighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Hume’s reputation in the late eighteenth century?

A. He was more regarded as a historian than Gibbon

B. His historical writing, like his philosophical writing, came to be regarded as problematic

C. He was more well-known for his historical writing than for his philosophical writing

D. His historic writing came to be regarded as morally questionable because of his association with Gibbon

E. His views about classical paganism brought him disapproval among the general reading public

3. The highlighted sentence exemplifies which of the following?

A. Cultural authorities’ attempt to use novels to support their view about the value of reading fiction

B. Eighteenth-century women authors’ attempts to embody in their work certain cultural authorities’ views about reading

C. A point about the educational value of reading books about history

D. An instance in which a particular judgment about the value of reading history is apparently presupposed

E. A challenge to an assumption about eighteenth-century women’s reading habits

4. The author mentions the “widespread doubts” in order to

A. support a point about the scholarly merit of Hume’s writings

B. contrast Hume’s philosophical writing with his writing on historical subjects

C. suggest that Hanway did not understand the implicit controversy depicting her heroine as reading Hume

D. identify an ambiguity in Hanway’s depiction of the philosopher in The Northern Wanderer

E. illustrate a point about a way eighteenth-century fiction sometimes represented historians

P53

Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive.

十八世纪晚期的英国文化权威们似乎都认同，女人应该喜欢读历史作品超过小说，前者陶冶情操，后者肤浅且简化。

Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading.

M A H 的小说 A S 或 t N W 的读者，意识到女主角很喜欢读 D H 和 E G 的历史著作，可以断定女主角比她那讨厌历史读物的姐妹更聪明，也更有德行。

Likewise, while the naïve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers.

同样，尽管 J A 的小说 N A 中天真，爱读小说的主角 C M 认为历史书很烦，但成熟通达的角色 E T 更爱读史书，超过 C 喜欢的哥特小说。

(chore 家务，日常琐事，讨厌或累人的工作)

Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear.

然而在这两个例子中，对历史书的褒奖比实际情况更具有双重效果。

Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.”

C 在抗辩自己不爱读历史书时说，这些书里全是男人“ 几乎没有一个女人 ”，许多读者在其中读出了一种早期女权主义者对历史的批判声音。

Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors.

同时，H 在她最喜欢的作者中列举了两位在那个时代著名的宗教怀疑论者，给她的女主角的阅读带来一定政治上的争议。

While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.

尽管 H 的历史著作一般被认为不像他的哲学书那么令人反感，但直到 H 写作的时期，他作为一个历史学家的道德甚至都广受质疑，而 G 众所周知的推崇古典异教倾向，从他的历史著作 R 刚面世起，就引发了争议。

1. The author’s primary purpose is that

A. the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionable

B. a distinction between two genres of writing has been overlooked

C. a particular issue is more complex than it might appear

D. two apparently different works share common features

E. two eighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular

选 C

文段讨论始终围绕着 “ 十八世纪晚期的女性读者，应该读小说还是历史书，哪个好 ” 这个问题。

句 1 出现的 cultural authorities 认为历史书好，edifying，启发、陶冶人，小说不好，肤浅而且太简单化。

句 4 出现的 double-edged 双刃的，双重效果的，暗示着读历史书也未必那么好，此后直到文段结束，都在说读历史书可能遇到的问题。

综合后选 C，情况比较复杂。

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Hume’s reputation in the late eighteenth century?

A. He was more regarded as a historian than Gibbon

B. His historical writing, like his philosophical writing, came to be regarded as problematic

C. He was more well-known for his historical writing than for his philosophical writing

D. His historic writing came to be regarded as morally questionable because of his association with Gibbon

E. His views about classical paganism brought him disapproval among the general reading public

选 B

不算太明显，我用的是排除法。

A 被认为比 G 更配称为历史学者。毫无根据的比较，文中没有此类信息。

B 历史著作和哲学著作一样被认为有问题。文中说的是，前者不像后者那么令人反感，objectionable，没那么反感，但也有问题。勉强可以接受的选项。

C 更因历史方面的写作出名。未知信息，无法判断他因为什么出名。

D 首先错在人们质疑的是 H 这个人作为历史学者的道德问题，而不是质疑他的作品有道德问题，这是完全两回事，就像毕加索生活中是人渣，作品没有道德问题;其次 because 后面的内容无根据。

E 喂，怼错人了啊。

3. The highlighted sentence exemplifies which of the following?

A. Cultural authorities’ attempt to use novels to support their view about the value of reading fiction

B. Eighteenth-century women authors’ attempts to embody in their work certain cultural authorities’ views about reading

C. A point about the educational value of reading books about history

D. An instance in which a particular judgment about the value of reading history is apparently presupposed

E. A challenge to an assumption about eighteenth-century women’s reading habits

选 D

某种判断 a particular judgement 指句 1 cultural authorities 的认为历史书比小说好的观点;

明显事先假定了 is apparently presupposed 是说读者认为，因为女主角喜欢读历史书，所以一定比不喜欢读历史书的姐妹更聪明这种看法，是明显受到了 cultural authorities 的影响，预先假定 cultural authorities 的看法是对的，才做出了那种判断。

4. The author mentions the “widespread doubts” in order to

A. support a point about the scholarly merit of Hume’s writings

B. contrast Hume’s philosophical writing with his writing on historical subjects

C. suggest that Hanway did not understand the implicit controversy depicting her heroine as reading Hume

D. identify an ambiguity in Hanway’s depiction of the philosopher in The Northern Wanderer

E. illustrate a point about a way eighteenth-century fiction sometimes represented historians

选 C

难题，非常精致巧妙的一道难题。我喜欢这题。

题目说的 widespread doubts 出现在句 7：

不管你做不做对，现在告诉你正确答案是 C，你能找出 C 的根据吗?

为什么说 “ 暗示着 H 不理解这种不明确的争议 ”?

关键在于句 4：

Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear.

double-edged 双刃剑的，有双重效果的

所谓有双重效果，即有好处也有坏处，双方都有损失。

这本文语境下，好处是读者看到角色喜欢读历史书，就认为角色聪明、有德行，virtuous and intelligent(句 2);坏处是，H 本人就广受质疑 widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian。

假定你是小说作者，你给角色的设定是 virtuous and intelligent，你会冒险用一个被大家认为品德不高的学者完成你的设定吗?肯定不会，即便你私下相信并支持这个学者，都不会在作品中这样做，因为这影响了作品表达，会产生不必要的误解。

唯一的解释是，Hanway 没想明白这件事，就让自己的角色爱上了 Hume 的书。所以 C 正确。

GRE阅读6种常见错误选项形式类型讲解

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