ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的

若水1147由分享时间：2020-08-31 05:19:12

ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的?专家为你详细解析,我们来看看吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的?专家为你详细解析

GRE考试阅读文章数量众多，题材覆盖面也相当广阔。这些文章从何而来，ETS(GRE考试主办机构)又是如何改写并“炮制”出这些文章以满足GRE考试需求?下面小编就来为大家分析一下GRE阅读文章的来源和出题思路。

文章来源

一般来说，GRE的考试用阅读文章大部分来自于各类比较权威的相关杂志、ETS从自然科学、社会科学刊物以及各类书籍中搜集各种题材的文章，从中选出适合考试使用的内容作为阅读考试的题目。

文章改写

审查文章后，ETS会通过大量使用分词及从句将句子处理得更紧凑、更严密。尽管改写后的文章会变得错综复杂，但TS会尽量保证文章中原有的鲜明态度以及较好的层次结构。如文章一开始给出一个老观点，后有新观点对此老观点进行反对，而对于这个新观点，文章作者或完全同意、或持部分保留意见、或是表现出有正有负的混合评价。

出题思路

一般来说，ETS的出题思路为先出关于主题、套路、态度、结构以及文章的主题叙述对象的有关问题，再针对文中比较明显的具体内容出题。在出题方式上力求多做变换，也就是将原文中的词汇或句子换成另一种说法表现出来。最后找出一些极易被考生忽略的细节来作为出题对象,以此提高考试难度、拉开考生档次。

以上就是GRE考试中阅读部分文章来源和出题思路的一些分析介绍，大家可以在有所了解的基础上，更有针对性的选择合适的课外读物进行阅读的积累和准备，对于出题思路也会有更好的把握，最终在GRE考试中取得好成绩。

TIPS：掌握GRE阅读考试套路

GRE文章不仅文章结构演进方式和考题类型有很强的规律性，文章表达的内容也带有一定的套路。比如，关于生物进化的文章，达尔文的“适者生存”总是受到批判。又比如，恩格斯的观点在GRE文章中也一直受到反对。另外，GRE考试要求单词量较少，一些专业词汇如天文、生物，总是重复出现。考生只要稍作归纳，就可以迅速解题，做到事半功倍。

GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析

Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.

The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.

A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.

This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.

Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.

These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.

Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.

The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.

Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.

The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.

Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.

In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.

These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.

Haney‘s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the "first theories" of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to

(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions

(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy‘s principle of animal exclusion?

(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.

(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.

(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.

(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?

□A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.

□B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.

□C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to

(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton

(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers

(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net

(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton

5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?

(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.

(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.

(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.

(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.

(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.

The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.

Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea.

Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.

This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.

When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.

Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)

6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?

(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.

(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.

(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.

(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.

7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.

8. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?

(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture

(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art

(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture

(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period

Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds.

By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

The tlamatinime (―those who know‖) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought.

They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.

Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea.

Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)

9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by

(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances

(B) removing a word from its associations with other words

(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word

(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT that

□A all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations

□B some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists

□C metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships

(这是一篇长文章，各种不认识的词形状很接近，容易混淆，线索又多，确实难。然而，如果认真地做这种长文章，一个词一句话地认真翻译文章理解选项，就是在累积自己对GRE阅读的心理优势，做的越多越不怕阅读.就算花一天也要完成——我就是这么劝 pian 自己的。)

Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.

很多学说都详细地阐述了湖泊里植食动物的角色，比如浮游动物，会控制浮游藻类(浮游植物)的规模。

(

zooplankton 浮游动物;

planktonic 浮游的;

algae 藻类，单数形式 alga;

phytoplankton 浮游植物;

graze 牛羊等吃草、放牧;

grazer 查了几本词典都没有详细解释它，只说它有“放牧者、牧羊人(澳洲)”的意思，但根据语境，显然应该翻译成“吃植物的动物”而不是“放牧的人”。

本句 Ch'en Meng 老师译得比较顺，借鉴了 ta 的译法。

)

The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.

早期的植食者控制论只是基于藻类和浮游动物的数量呈负相关的观察结果。

(

negative correlations 负相关：一个变量的增加时，总伴随着另一个变量的减少;反之亦然。一起变多或变少叫正相关。

)

A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

藻细胞含量少，植食者较多意味着植食者处理掉了大多数藻类，但也不绝对。

一个相反的观察结果是大量浮游植物聚集的区域浮游动物几乎消失，这启发 H 提出了他的动物排除原理，他假设浮游植物大量聚集时可以产生一种浮游动物驱逐剂。

This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.

这是第一次有人提出藻类抵抗被吃的假设。

许多早期的研究只考虑到浮游植物采网能够采集的藻类，这种实验流程忽略了体型更小的浮游植物(微型浮游生物)，而我们现在知道它们是浮游动物最爱吃的食物，在后续研究中，这种忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。

在L，RO 和 RE 的研究中，研究者们更多地开始强调环境因素对藻类数量的控制，比如温度，光线，水流。

These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.

这些环境因素更便于现场监测和实验室模拟。

研究者相信浮游动物的摄食行为对藻类数量有影响，特别是浮游植物爆发期尾声增长率下降后，不过这种摄食行为只被看作预测藻类数量动态模型中的一个小因素。

The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.

摄食压力对淡水浮游植物的潜在重要性最近才通过实验被认定。

H 和 G 主持的研究，先测量实验室中单独的浮游动物种群进食速率，再用已知的浮游动物种群密度计算出野外总体浮游动物摄食速率，通过这种方式估算出自然条件下浮游动物总体的摄食速率。

然而，直到借助新的实验技术，野生环境中浮游动物的摄食率最终被测定以前，这些研究者(H 和 G)那种高度基于估算的摄食率都没有获得完全的认同。

Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.

通过一个特别设计的喂食器，HN 得以记录自然环境下浮游动物的摄食率。

(

chamber 一般可以指某个内部封闭空间，卧室、会客室，议事厅、立法院(比喻义)，金库，枪膛，心室。

为了不显得可笑，feeding chamber 被模糊地译成了“喂食器”，你懂就好啦。

)

浮游动物的繁殖高峰期，也就是春末和夏季，HN 分别记录了浮游动物每日总体摄食率的最大值，营养物质较贫乏的湖域为6.6%，沼泽湖域为114%。

Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.

枝角目动物(水蚤类)相比桡足类动物有着较高的摄食率，通常占总摄食率的80%。

These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.

这些速率随季节变化，冬季和初春最低。

Haney‘s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)

HN 的全面研究，为浮游动物的摄食行为可以对浮游植物数量造成重要影响提供了可信的田野证据。

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the "first theories" of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to

(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions

(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

选D

见句 2 。

“The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.”

最初的研究只关注了二者的负相关关系，没有搞清楚具体的原因和影响，仅有观测结果是构不成因果关系的，也许两者是伴随出现。

比如说，我们观察到：某水果市场上苹果多的时候，橘子就少;橘子多时苹果少。二者也构成一种负相关，但可能背后的原因是，某个学校在这个市场上给学生采购午餐水果，每天只买苹果或橘子，如果假定老板清晨购进等量的两种水果，观察结果当然呈现负相关。如果我们仅根据观测结果认为“橘子和苹果互相抑制对方的存在”——就显得很荒谬了。

而最初的理论之所以简陋(not convincing)也正因为如此，所以选D。

2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy‘s principle of animal exclusion?

(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.

(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.

(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.

(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.

选B

见句4，5。

H 观察到浮游植物多的区域，浮游动物几乎不存在，于是他猜测植物能分泌一种驱逐剂对付动物。

题目让我们选一项如果成真的预设，可以用来质疑 H 的这种猜测。

B “浮游动物被驱逐与浮游植物的密度无关”。

如果B成立，那么意味着在实际观测中，只要有藻类，浮游动物就很少，但这显然与观测结果不符。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?

□A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.

□B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.

□C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.

选AB

A 句 15 。

B 句 14 。

C grazing 和 temperature 确实都跟 controlling the amount of phytoplankton 有关，但是不是 same pressure，文段中没有提及。

4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to

(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton

(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers

(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net

(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton

选C

见句 6 。

5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?

(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.

(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.

(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.

(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.

(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.

选E

根据句 11 的主干可以选出E项。

“Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.”

BC 通常被认为创立了一种新的美学标准，在那些读起来颇有些乏味的著作中，他历史性地且哲学性地阐述了这样一种观念，艺术源于直觉而非理性能力。

Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea.

实际上，C这种观点古已有之。

早在浪漫主义者强调直觉和个人表达很久以前，对灵感的狂热就被认为是艺术创造的重要基础，但先哲总是认为灵感要受控于规律，受控于使万物和谐的理性力量。

This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities.

技术之必要可以支持这种普遍的美学观点。

It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.

掌握某种规律、运用才智，对于建造一座哥特式教堂，或安装C教堂特有的彩色玻璃是必要的。

沙特尔大教堂 [Chartres Cathedral]

法国沙特尔的圣母大教堂，为重要的哥特式建筑最具影响力的典范之一。该教堂的主体部分建于1194～1220年。它是在一座12世纪教堂的基础上重新修建的，只保留了教堂地下室、塔楼的底座以及西面的正墙。取消传统廊道的设计以及一种独特的拱扶垛的使用，为教堂侧廊留下了较大的空间。引人注目的彩色玻璃和一个文艺复兴时期风格的唱诗班装饰性围屏给该教堂增添了许多美感。

(大英袖珍百科)

When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.

当这种支撑性的技巧元素不能继续影响艺术家，就需要新的技术元素来维持艺术创作中的理性成分。

Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)

于是就出现了透视法和解剖学(被应用于艺术创作中)。

6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?

(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.

(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.

(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.

(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.

选B

根据句 6，需要有新的技术元素来引导艺术家的灵感，所以如果没有透视法和解剖学，应该还会有 some other technical elements ，所以选B。

7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.

句 3 。

“Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.”

8. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?

(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture

(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art

(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture

(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period

选C

Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds.

纳瓦语，和希腊语以及德语类似，是一种允许大量复合词的语言。

纳瓦语 [Nahuatl language]

墨西哥的犹他-阿兹特克诸语言，通行于墨西哥中部和西部，是犹他-阿兹特克语系中最重要的语言。阿兹特克人的大多数文献是用纳瓦语写的。16世纪20年代，阿兹特克帝国被征服后，纳瓦语开始用西班牙语字根进行拼写。从16世纪保存下来的文字记载，是由西班牙传教士根据西班牙文所创制的文字书写的，包括了编年史、城市记录、诗歌等。方济会修士B.de萨阿贡(1499～1590)根据印第安人提供的纳瓦文化的资料写成《新西班牙文物史》。

(大英袖珍百科)

By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

通过词根和语义元素的结合，单独的复合词可以表达复杂的抽象的普遍概念关系。

The tlamatinime ( “ those who know ” ) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought.

TL 们(“博学之人”)能够使用使用这些丰富的抽象用语表达他们想法的细微差别。

They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.

他们(TL)也能借助其他隐喻的表法方式，一些也许是原创的，一些则源自托尔特克新词。

纳瓦语复合词中最典型的形式是两个词的并列组合，因为他们原本是同义词、相关联的词，甚至反义词，互补以产生一种新概念。

Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)

作为象征使用时，并置复合词隐含了特定的或基本的原指代物特征，引入了一种诗化的模式，几乎作为一种习惯性的表达形式。

9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by

(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances

(B) removing a word from its associations with other words

(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word

(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor

选D

见句 2 。全文都在讲复合词、复合词、复合词，所以只能选 D 。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT that

□A all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations

□B some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists

□C metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships

选AC

理由 1，

见句 2 ：

“By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.”

有 often 所以 all 显得十足可疑;

理由 2，

所有抽象概念，未必都是有复杂关系的概念，因为可能那种抽象概念原本就对应一个单词，而不需要造出一个复合词来表达。

见句 6 ：

跟 abstract conceptual relationships 毫无关系。