托福阅读备考提升语法能力2大重点要点讲解

如何提升语法能力做好托福阅读题?今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读备考提升语法能力2大重点要点讲解。希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读备考提升语法能力2大重点要点讲解

托福阅读词汇过关还需语法能力

很多托福考生在备考中具备了一定的词汇量后，就觉得应对托福阅读没什么压力了，很多难点问题好像都能迎刃而解。然而事实并非如此，有的学生的词汇量不错，各种词汇书都背过，学科词汇也都掌握，刷题量也不少，可是分数就是提高不了。背后的原因应该就是语法问题了。语法掌握是否熟练直接反映在做题速度上。而很多同学有这样的体会，不考虑答题时间，文章都能看懂，题都能做对。一旦加上时间限制就手忙脚乱，不仅答不完题，正确率也有所下降。其实，阅读考试的时限就是对我们语法是否熟练的考验。这些同学慢慢看能看懂，说明知道语法规则。但是知道不等于熟悉，相反，如果一个对语法规则很熟悉的同学，即使面对很多生词，也能快速地读完文章，做对题目。那么这个问题如何解决呢?

托福阅读提升语法能力要点分析

1.熟悉语法规则

对于托福阅读，常见的语法现象有定语从句，主宾表同四个名词性从句，以及非谓语动词。对于多数的学生而言，单个的语法现象不足以成为阅读的障碍，真正的障碍来自于文章句子里面所体现的多个语法现象，也就是我们平时所说的长难句。经常做错题分析的同学也明白，自己错题的原因并非没有找到相关的信息，而是定位到有效信息后，没有看懂句子的意思，导致错题。所以备考阶段需要有针对性，要加强长难句分析的训练，由易到难，熟练掌握语法规则。

2.精读文章，分析段落结构，划分句子成分，并翻译文章大意

句子是语法的载体，在做完题目之后必须要精读文章，把每段的段落层次划分清楚，把比较难懂的句子单独拿出来划出主干部分，并翻译出大意。在这一环节，翻译是必要的，翻译其实就是语言的输出，如果输出的信息是正确的，那么我们的理解就是正确的，同时还有利于老师对于学生语法知识盲点的准确判断，改进教学。

托福阅读考试中不可忽略的重要标点符号

托福阅读常见标点符号及作用

冒号在中文或英文中都是一个常见的标点符号，在中英用法上也大致相同。冒号的主要作用有两种：一是用在总说性话语或需要解释的词语后边，引起下文的分说或引出解释和说明;二是引出引语。在托福阅读中，第一种用法对于我们理解文章和解题更加重要。

破折号在托福阅读中也是尤为常见，其主要作用是引入一个解释性的插入语，放在插入语的前面或者后面，破折号中的内容一般是对主句中的某个单词或短语进行修饰或者解释，作用相当于一个括号。考生就可以利用破折号之间的解释来理解主句中的某个概念。

英语中，圆括号最常见的用法是补充说明和解释生词，它们不同于逗号和破折号的用法，去掉后不会影响句子的理解，但是括号内的信息同样对考生的理解有很大的帮助。

案例分析

例1，TPO18阅读 R-3冒号

The negatively charged region is large： several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter.

前半句说带负电negatively charged的区域region非常大，冒号后面描述了负电荷是怎么大，对前半句又进一步的表述。知道冒号的作用对于预测文章下文来说也很重要，前半句是带负电的区域非常大，那冒号后面就是描述如何大。这句话完整的意思是带负电的区域非常大，厚度达数百米，直径达几千米。因此冒号对于理解文章来说有很大的帮助。

例2，TPO19阅读 R-3-破折号

The fossils buried in Pleistocene and earlier ocean sediments were of foraminifera—small, single-celled marine organisms that secrete shells of calcium carbonate, or calcite.

在本句话中foraminifera—small，single-celled marine organisms，small和single

对foraminifera和single进一步进行描述，埋在更新世时期的化石和更早的海洋沉积物是有孔虫类 ，它们是一种小的单细胞海洋生物，会分泌碳酸钙壳或者方解石。帮助我们进一步了解孔虫类foraminifera。

例3，TPO20-3 Fossil Preservation-圆括号

来自第七段中的两句话The Middle Eocene Messel Shale(from about 48 million years ago)of Germany accumulated in such an environment. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons(hard outer coverings),frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.

from about 48 million years ago对于前面的The Middle Eocene Messel Shale做了详细的解释，hard outer coverings对iridescent exoskeletons进一步进行解释。

托福阅读备考需解决3大问题：词汇语法长难句都得练

托福阅读词汇问题如何解决?

词汇问题是阅读中的十分普遍的，高中毕业生的词汇量在3500左右，但是托福考试要求的词汇量是8000-10000，这种差距有的时候会让考生望而却步，单词的积累和沉淀需要时间，但是正确的学习方法和习惯，往往事半功倍。首先，对于基础词汇，就是高中+大学四级词汇，大家一定要掌握得很牢靠，每个单词要像apple、book一样熟悉，先查漏补缺。任何学习过程都是循序渐进的，只有基础打牢了，再往高处走，不然就算之后稍稍有了一点小成就，那也是虚幻的空中楼阁。之后，在基础牢靠的前提下，开始进入到托福词汇部分，现在网上的、书籍的、纸质的、包括手机里的背单词软件种类很多，在这里就不赘述了，大家先用心的挑好适合自己的材料就可以。

托福阅读长难句怎么练?

阅读长难句的能力可以说是托福考试的核心能力。一开始，我们会明显感受到，有些真题中的句子里明明每个单词都很熟悉，但是我必须要反复看3-5遍以上，才能比较好的理解它，有的时候看了后面忘了前面，看了这句，忘了上句，浪费时间不说还做不对题目。其实，这根我们平时的初高中课堂上讲语法多、用语法少的现象有关。我们的语法知识储备不少，但是欠缺训练把语法知识运用到长难句的理解中。

托福阅读语法问题怎样应对?

语法中比较难理解的其实就是定语从句、后置定语，在中文中，我们的定语无论多长都加个“的”然后放在名词前面;然而在英文中，定语的位置和形式变换很多，给我们设置了很多的阅读障碍。例如托福真题中的长难句“A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into thenineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finestquality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects fromthe most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance、”其实就是一个简单句Improvements produced an instrument，然后加上了后置定语、同位语的修饰成分而已：一系列技术进步(19世纪的，包括123种)，产生了一个有好多音效的乐器，这些音效从某种声音1到某种声音2，从某种声音3到某种声音4。考生们在通过系统的语法学习后，再把它利用到分析和理解真题中的长难句，达到阅读中的任何长难句读一遍就能get到它的意思。

新托福考试阅读篇冲刺试题;American Railroads

American Railroads

美国铁路

In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals. The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks. Chicago's growth illustrates the impact of these rail links. In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service. By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads. Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east. Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America's main commercial hub.

在美国，铁路超过了以前运河的重要性，成为运输革命的第二阶段的先锋。19世纪中期，美国铁路得到了很大的发展。密西西比河以东的主要城市由蛛网般的铁路轨道连接起来。芝加哥的增长说明了这些铁路连接的影响。1849年，芝加哥是一个拥有几百人的村庄，几乎没有铁路服务。到1860年，它已经成为一个拥有10万人口的城市，由11条铁路服务。芝加哥北部和西部的农民不再需要将他们的粮食、牲畜和乳制品沿着密西西比河运送到新奥尔良;他们现在可以将他们的产品直接运送到东部。芝加哥取代新奥尔良成为美国主要商业中心的内部。

The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest. By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states. Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and promoted additional settlement. In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.

东西铁路线刺激了中西部地区的定居和农业发展。到1860年，伊利诺伊州、印第安纳州和威斯康星州取代俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州和纽约州成为小麦种植的主要州。铁路使农民能够把他们的产品运到东部，增加了农田的价值，并促进了额外的定居点。反过来，农业地区的人口增长引发了芝加哥、达文波特(爱荷华州)和明尼阿波利斯等城市的工业发展，因为新移民需要木材来修建栅栏，建造房屋和磨坊，将小麦磨成面粉。

Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes. The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation. Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations. The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills. By the Civil War (1861-1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.

铁路也推动了沿途小城镇的发展。伊利诺伊州中央铁路，在1855年比任何其他铁路都有更多的轨道，它不仅从交通中赚钱，而且从房地产投机中赚钱。伊利诺伊州中部为沿途的车站购买土地，然后在车站周围布置城镇。例如，选择伊利诺伊州曼特诺作为伊利诺伊州中部的一个站点，将该站点从1854年一个没有一栋房子的十字路口改造成1860年一个拥有近千人的繁华小镇，这里充斥着酒店、伐木场、谷物升降机和垃圾场。到了内战(1861-1865年)，很少有人认为连接中西部的铁路是一个边疆地区，也很少有人认为它的居民是先驱者。

As the nation's first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business. During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments. With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects. Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals. The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860. Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads. Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds.

作为国家第一大商业，铁路改变了商业行为。在19世纪30年代早期，铁路和运河一样依赖于州政府的财政援助。然而，随着19世纪30年代末经济萧条的开始，州政府取消了过于雄心勃勃的铁路项目。选民们深信，铁路给他们带来了沉重的税收和沉重的希望，于是转而反对国家援助。在19世纪40年代初，几个州修改了宪法，禁止国家资助铁路和运河。联邦政府采取了一些松懈，但联邦援助没有提供一个主要的刺激铁路在1860年之前。相反，部分财政负担转移到了农业地区的市和县政府，这些政府希望吸引铁路。例如，这些市政府经常给予铁路通行权、车站用地和公共资金。

The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture. Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads. But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate. Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation's greatest capital market. The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s. In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms. The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. Controlling the flow of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads' internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.

然而，19世纪50年代铁路网络的急剧扩张，使地方政府的融资能力受到了限制，需要转向私人投资，这一点从未被忽视过。由于很清楚铁路的经济效益，居住在附近的人长期购买政府发行的铁路股票，并直接购买铁路股票，通常通过为修建铁路付出劳动来支付。但19世纪50年代的大型铁路需要的资本比这些小投资者能创造的要多。渐渐地，铁路融资中心转移到了纽约市，事实上，正是19世纪50年代的铁路繁荣使纽约市的华尔街成为了全国最大的资本市场。19世纪50年代，所有主要铁路公司的股票都在纽约证券交易所交易。此外，铁路的发展使纽约成为现代投资公司的中心。投资公司评估了美国小城市的铁路库存，然后在纽约、费城、巴黎、伦敦、阿姆斯特丹和汉堡找到了这些库存的买家。在控制资金流向铁路的过程中，投资银行家们开始通过在困难时期监督行政重组来影响铁路的内部事务。

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, what effect did the expansion of rail links have on Chicago?

A. Chicago became the headquarters for eleven new railroads.

B. Chicago became the most important city east of the Mississippi River.

C. Chicago was transformed from a village into a large city.

D. Chicago replaced eastern cities as the main buyer of farm products from the region.

Question 2 of 14

Paragraph 2 supports the idea that Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin were able to become the leading wheat-growing states by 1860 in large part because

A. by 1860 there were more railroads in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin than in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.

B. the expansion of east-west rail lines made transporting Midwestern products to East Coast markets relatively fast and easy.

C. by 1860 states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York had become more interested in industrial development than in agriculture.

D. most of the farmers who had grown wheat in Ohio, Pennsylvania, or New York resettled in the Midwest after the expansion of east-west rail lines.

Question 3 of 14

The word "promoted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. encouraged.

B. controlled.

C. promised.

D. predicted.

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 2, one effect of the increased agricultural development in the Midwest was to

A. slow the rate at which population grew in many Midwestern cities.

B. increase the demand for industrial products from Midwestern cities.

C. encourage the extension of east-west rail lines to the Midwest.

D. reduce the pressure on Midwestern farmers to get their products to market faster.

Question 5 of 14

The author mentions "Manteno, Illinois" in order to

A. give an example of how railroads decided which small towns would be selected for stations.

B. illustrate the power of railroads to determine where towns would come into existence.

C. explain how some railroads were able to make more money from real estate speculation than from railroad traffic.

D. show how people's view of the Midwest as a frontier region had changed by the Civil War.

Question 6 of 14

The word "bustling" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. commercial.

B. wealthy.

C. lively.

D. modern.

Question 7 of 14

The word "onset" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. possibility.

B. fear.

C. worsening.

D. start.

Question 8 of 14

According to paragraph 4, how were railroads affected by the economic depression in the late 1830s?

A. They lost important funding from state governments.

B. They began to realize that some of their projects were overly ambitious.

C. They had to compete with canals for government support.

D. They emerged as the nation's biggest business.

Question 9 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Private investment in railroads began in the 1850s following the dramatic expansion of the railroad network, which had been financed by local governments.

B. Railroads' relations with local governments became strained in the 1850s, when railroads turned to private investors for financing to expand their capacity.

C. Local governments' limited capacity to finance railroad expansion was a long-standing problem that railroads solved in the 1850s by turning toward private investment.

D. When local governments could not adequately finance the railroads' dramatic expansion in the 1850s, private investment became increasingly important.

Question 10 of 14

Paragraph 5 supports which of the following ideas about people who held railroad stock?

A. Many of them were not particularly wealthy.

B. Many of them overestimated the economic benefits of railroads.

C. Most of them bought their stock for less than it was worth.

D. Most of them had been employed by a railroad.

Question 11 of 14

According to paragraph 5, investment bankers were involved in all of the following EXCEPT

A. controlling the distribution of funds to railroads.

B. finding national and international buyers of railroad stock.

C. overseeing administrative changes of railroads when needed.

D. persuading the federal government to reinvest in railroads.

Question 12 of 14

The word "flow" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. promise.

B. growth.

C. movement.

D. source.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] to add the sentence to the passage .

Indeed, the network became so dense that by the 1860s the United States had more miles of railroad tracks than did all the rest of the world.

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT. The expansion of railroads in the mid-1800s played an important role in the development of the American Midwest .

A.Increased rail line between the East and the Midwest resulted in the rapid rise of major Midwestern cities such as Chicago, as well as in the growth of small towns along railroad routes.

B.Real estate speculation by railroads in the 1850s drove up the value of farmland and encouraged many Midwestern farmers to sell their land and make a new life in the cities.

C.Both canals and railroads fell out of public favor in the early 1840s, but by the mid-1850s the economic benefits of railroads had once again become generally recognized.

D.Once Chicago became a major commercial hub with direct rail connections to New Orleans and the East, Midwestern farmers were no longer limited to selling most of their products locally.

E.State government financing of railroads largely ended in the 1830s and was replaced by a combination of local and federal government support and money from private investors.

F.In the 1850s railroads turned to investment banks in New York City for capital to expand and by doing so, helped establish the city as the main financial center in the United States.