GRE阅读文章结构分析思路实例逐句解构分析

GRE阅读文章结构分析思路实例逐句解构分析，我们一起来看看吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

GRE阅读文章结构分析思路实例逐句解构分析

GRE阅读提分从学会分析文章结构开始

GRE阅读学会分析文章的结构是很重要的一步。分析结构是一种研究式的学习，在其要求下，我们的阅读方法是结构化阅读。 论证性文字一定是以论证为特点，这特点及于文章的各个层面：篇章-段落-句子-单词。篇章由多个论点组成，论点由作为论据的句子构成，句子本身的典型构成是前后场由表示论证关系的词汇连接，体现论证的意义的单词最重要。要真懂得文章，必须把所有那些表现论证的字词句抓出，而这却恰好是过去所有阅读方法都忽略的。 关联词和广义的关联成分，经过GRE的反复宣传，已经获得众所周知的重要性，在此不论。但是，单纯的关联词也可能组成没有新鲜内容的堆砌文章，于是内容上的关联成为必要，这靠论证形式，也就是，我们要看一个论点是如何展开的，或说文章是如何结构或论证的。对一个论点而言，论证的方式是分角度;但不是所有论点都可以分角度，那些不容易分角度的，论点按照其自身潜在包含的内容展开，由此有差异、正、反三类关系，每种关系的论证都相对模式化。这样，我们就可以懂得文章每句话在论证上的作用，无须完全依赖对文章各句所涉专业知识的了解。下面以例为证。

GRE阅读文章实例逐句解读

Paule Marshall"s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman"s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine"s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970"s.该文共5句。

详细解析

第一句说PM的书是里程碑，这是一个出现在段落前场的正评价，就是文章的主题。下面就是要展开这个主题。为此并不需要知道它是什么方面的里程碑，因为就其是里程碑而言，肯定是与前，也与后比较，才有这个地位，所以单讲这本书本身是不够的。这是它本身在内容上所蕴涵的，后面必须把它展开。于是，文章后面内容一定先讲她之前如何，再讲她本身如何，最后讲她之后如何。内容上看就是，此前文字的模式，她的改变，她的影响。 这个思考过程，开始可以花费时间，但一旦想到，对所有写里程碑式意义的段落，其论证模式都是如此，我们就可以明白，结构模式，不依赖在这个结构下得到论述的种.种题材，原来是可以帮助我们预测下文的。此外，此句考主题题。

第二句一开始并没有直接说她之前如何，却说她避免了什么。而其所避免的内容，在上句的语境约束下，不可能是别的，只能是她之前的模式。也许 oppressed and tragic heroine不足以让人马上断定它就是此前小说俗套，但that之后跟出的内容，明确的告诉我们，这是典型情况(had been typical of)，也就说是此前的模式，而且时间也交代了，是the early twentieth century。That从句看似补充说明，其实对这个句子至关重要。它作为该句的后场，体现核心的内容，这是一个例子，说明单纯从语法上来判断一个成分是否重要的做法是有局限的，而考虑论证的语法即论证性语法分类则重要，其核心是前后场中心词以及起连接作用的论证性词汇。

第三句容易把握，这是因为一打头即讲相同(Like her immediate predecessors)。我们不关注里面的具体内容，虽然可能考题目，也确实考到这道题，因为它也是特殊语言(比较)，但是，即使现在看得很懂，做题时仍然不能完全凭借印象，因为选项正是在名词短语上故意设置陷阱(该题正是如此)，因此必须把答案和原文内容仔细对照。在读文章时，只要知道它在讲相同，做题时能够快速定位至此就可以。而且，从这句可以预测后面一定还要讲不同点。一个体现里程碑的著作，不可能总是模仿前人，而必须有自己的独创之处，这从逻辑上规定下一句应该写什么。

第四句以But开始，显然讲不同。这不同点在于她进一步有所拓展(extend)。后面以两个方式状语从句(by depicting, and by exploring)说明她如何能够拓展。这两个by doing是否重要呢?一，它们是并列结构(and);二，它们都是细节内容，处理的方法和对上句到底如何相同一样，都是先可不用字斟句酌，到考题时才回头看也不迟，事实上，后来没有考这里，这说明，有些细节是不用仔细理解的，我们先且把所有细节都快速读过，不加深究，然后在考到细节时再看，那时看的只是全部细节中的一小部分，由此可以节约时间，把更多的精力放在比较选项相对于原文内容的差别上。这就要求，必须纯熟的掌握结构，才能为做题空出更多时间。所以，结构分析是做题的前提条件。事实上，此句后来考题，问作者提到那些方式(way)是为了做什么，典型的in order to 题型。注意它的考法，不去问by doing 里面的具体内容，而问by doing 为什么写。答案当然是说为了说明Marshall如何扩展。答案是这句的前场中心内容，其实也是全文用以具体说明Marshall的一个实质性内容。

第五句也是最后一句，又以方式状语开始，那是次要的，中心内容在attacked … stereotypes and paved the way。既然铺垫道路，那当然就是对后世有影响，是对70年代有影响。此句也考题，比较容易处理。 希望从本文开始的抽象论述到文章分析的具体论述中，读者可以大致了解，结构化阅读分析的本质和它的运用的益处：我们没有精读，没有泛读，也没有诉诸技巧，而只是问，这个文章各句以及每句各部分怎么组织起来来论证论点，由此就拆解了该文的结构，并顺带分析了所考的四道题目

新GRE考试前通过大量的训练，从实践中总结新GRE阅读中的突出点，把握这个点，让你备考新GRE阅读考试时才能得心应手，这样才能得到理想的成绩。

新GRE阅读长难句中译英练习

31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

31.[参考译文]一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。

32.[参考译文]在澳大利亚--人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度，这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

33.[参考译文]当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。

34.[参考译文]我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。

35.[参考译文]对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?

(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.

(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.

(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.

(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.

(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is

(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter

(B) equal to that of interstellar dust

(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun

(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components

(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

19. It can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that

(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial

(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density

(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter

(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent

(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed

In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.

Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon (draw upon: 利用), quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.

In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’ achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.

20. According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?

I. Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves’ achievements.

II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.

III. Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.

IV. Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves’ cultural heritage.

(A) I and II only

(B) I and IV only

(C) II and III only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

21. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

(A) Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.

(B) Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.

(C) Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.

(D) Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.

(E) Historians ought to draw on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it.

22. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

(A) The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.

(B) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves who married their cousins.

(C) The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.

(D) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.

(E) The heritage was formed primarily out of slaves’ experiences of interdependence on newly created plantations in the Southwest.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the most probable reason why a historian of slavery might be interested in studying the type of plantations mentioned in line 25 is that this type would

(A) give the historian access to the most complete plantation birth registers

(B) permit the historian to observe the kinship patterns that had been most popular among West African tribes

(C) provide the historian with evidence concerning the preference of freed slaves for stable monogamy

(D) furnish the historian with the opportunity to discover the kind of marital commitment that slaves themselves chose to have

(E) allow the historian to examine the influence of slaves’ preferences on the actions of plantation owners

24. According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 46-50 EXCEPT:

(A) The rules were derived from rules governing fictive kinship arrangements.

(B) The rules forbade marriages between close kin.

(C) The rules are mentioned in Herbert Gutman’s study.

(D) The rules were not uniform in all respects from one West African tribe to another.

(E) The rules have been considered to be a possible source of slaves’ marriage preferences.

25. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?

(A) These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.

(B) These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.

(C) Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.

(D) Plantation owners often married earlier than slaves.

(E) Plantation owners often married their cousins.

26. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research.

(B) The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.

(C) The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.

(D) The author summarizes a historical study, examines two main arguments from the study, and then shows how the arguments are potentially in conflict with one another.

(E) The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgments of the study’s value.

27. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?

(A) The Influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States

(B) Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and Develop a Communal Consciousness

(C) Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject

(D) The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its Growing Influence

(E) The Black Family and Extended Kinship Structure: How They Were Important for the Freed Slave

答案：17-27：AECCDDDAEEB