托福真题练习TOEFL

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托福真题练习1

By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into theAmerican colonies through books and prints, European visitors and immigrants,and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.

By the outbreak of the revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: "limner" was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's;"painter" characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century,colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons.

Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West,and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) European influence on colonialAmerican painting

(B) The importance of patronage to artist

(D) Subjects preferred by artists in theAmerican colonies in the eighteenth century.

2. The word "outbreak" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) beginning

(D) explanation

3. The word "undergone" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) led to

(B) transformed

(D) experienced

4.According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to

(A) paint wheel carriages

(B) paint portraits

(D) paint flat surfaces

5. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England

(A) considered artists to be superior to painters

(B) barely painted portraitists

(D) imitated English painters

6. The word "consorted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) made decisions

(B) studies

(D) associated

7. The word "sufficient" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) adequate

(B) temporary

(D) expensive

8.According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings

(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings

(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings

(D) distinguished colonialAmerican artists from European artists

9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which of

the following?

(A)Art gallery owners who displayed only European art

(B)Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art

(C)Artists who gave financial support to other artists

(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists

10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.

(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.

(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.

托福阅读答案：

CBDBADACBD

托福真题练习2

托福阅读文本：

Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.

In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.

One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.

(B) Causes and effects of rent control

(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.

2. The word "They" in line 9 refers to

(A) the tenants

(B) their leases

(D) rent controls.

3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,

California?

(A) rapid population growth

(B) inflation

(D) record-high housing prices

4. The phrase "roll back" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) credit

(B) measure

(D) reduce

5. The word "stimulating" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) experimenting with

(B) identifying

(D) encouraging

6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to

(A) protect tenants

(B) promote construction

(D) decrease sales of rental units

7. The word "depressed" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) saddened

(B) created

(D) defeated

8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?

(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.

(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units

(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.

9.According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?

(A) Santa Monica

(B) Dallas

(D) New York City

10. The word "stringent" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) straightforward

(B) strict

(D) efficient

11.According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?

(A) Luxury apartments

(B) Commercial development

(D) Office space.

托福阅读答案：

BDCDDACBBB C

托福真题练习3

托福阅读文本：

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.

A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

托福阅读题目：

1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Their physical characteristics

(B) Their names

(D) Their variety

2. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) result

(B) explanation

(D) requirement

3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues

because they

(A) are simple in structure

(B) are viewed positively by people

(D) are found mainly in temperate climates

4. The word "striking" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) physical

(B) confusing

(D) successful

5. The word "exceed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) locate

(B) allow

(D) come close to

6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT

(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones

(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region

(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants

7. The author mentions tropicalAsia in lines 19 as an example of a location where

(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate

(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established

(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species

8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?

(A) European butterfly habitats

(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions

(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups

9. The word "generated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) requested

(B) caused

(D) estimated

托福阅读答案：

DABCC CBCB

托福真题练习4

托福阅读文本：

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture.

With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.

After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. "Combines" were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production

(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms

(D) The increase in the number of people farming

2. The word "crucial" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) unbelievable

(D) desirable

3. The phrase "avail themselves" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) take care

(B) make use

(D) do more

4.According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?

(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.

(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.

(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each

(A) could perform more than one function

(B) required relatively little power to operate

(D) required two people to operate

7. The word "they" in line 19 refers to

(A) grain stalks

(B) threshing machines

(D) horses

8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because

(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines

(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines

(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

9. The word "ponderous" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) advanced

(B) heavy

(D) rapid

托福阅读答案：

ACBDCABDB

托福真题练习TOEFL

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