托福写作评分标准中的几个常见错误

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托福写作评分标准中的几个常见错误

1. 词汇失误

Example 1: Reading can increase my words, rich my knowledge and enlarge my eyesight。

托福写作经验提到这是考生在描述读书的好处，其优点在于在句子结构方面尽力打造排比结构。然而，词汇失误严重影响句子理解和整体效果。“读书可增大词汇量，增长知识，开阔眼界。”本句中词汇失误频繁出现，如：increase，words，rich ;enlarge my eyesight令人费解。建议可做如下修改：

Revised: Reading can enlarge my vocabulary, enrich my knowledge and broaden my horizons。

Example 2: Sometimes I play with friends from my school。

此句是典型的Chinglish，在中文中，可以说“和朋友玩”，但是不可对应为英文的“play with friends”，其意思是把朋友当成了玩具。play 用作不及物动词时，常接介词 with，表示“玩;玩耍”。例如：

The little boy is playing with a yoyo。

Don't play with fire. It is very dangerous。

2.用词不当

学生们写的作文里或多或少都会有一些用词不当的问题，但是要注意的是一些最最基本的错误是托福作文中不能犯的。

In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand U.S. dollars as a prize.

——problems应改为questions

这里的拼写错误不是指在考试时候的误打，而是本身对词汇拼写记忆的错误。

In conclusion, issue of whether parents are the best teachers is a complex one, requiring subjective judgement, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers.

——judgement应改为judgment

3.句子层面的常见失误

考生在语法方面的错误主要表现为“主谓不一致、可数名词单复数错误、时态错误、限定动词和非限定动词错误”等，这里就不一一赘述了。此外，还有一些句子层面的常见问题值得我们关注，现列举如下：

1. Run-on Sentences (串句)

串句是不用连词和标点而把两个(或以上)独立的句子串在一起的错误表达。有些串句是不用任何标点间隔两个甚至更多的句子;有些串句是在该用句号时滥用逗号，忽略了英语语言中的逗号本身没有连接句子的功能这一原则。

例如：

Rita decided to stop smoking she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。

The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well。

修改原则

First of all, children can earn money from their jobs, although there isn’t too much, but they will keep their salary gingerliness.

这里的gingerliness根本是不知所云。该句子还有以下问题：

1)该作文题目是讲学生是否应该做兼职，因此children的出现就显得很莫名其妙;

2)although和but是不能连用的;

3)指代不明，they不知道是指代前面的什么;

4)表达中式

The second argument-it might have been noticed by others-is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to compare parents to teachers because parents are a kind of people, teachers are a kind of vocation.

1、句子中划线部分的表达过于中式化。

A。把原句分成两个独立的句子。

Rita decided to stop smoking. She didn’t want to die of lung cancer。

The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well。

B。用并列连词连接两个句子。

Rita decided to stop smoking, for she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。

The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well。

C。用分号连接两个句子。

Rita decided to stop smoking; she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。

The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well。

2、Fragmentary sentences (破句)

破句是把不完整的句子当作独立的子句来写作时发生的错误。常见错误包括：从属连词引起的破句，ing分词和不定式结构引起的错误，增添细节引起的破句和缺少主语的破句。

例如：

After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat。

修改原则：改正从属连词引起的破句时，可以把该从句附属于其前或其后某个子句上。也可以去掉破句中的连词。

I arrived in Chicago by bus and found a place to stay. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat。

当然，对于其它形式的破句，可以根据不同情况给予改正。如，改正 -ing结构引起的破句时，可以把它附属在其前或其后的某个句子上，可以添加主语，把 -ing形式改变成谓语动词，把being形式改成作谓语的be动词(is, are, was, were, am );改正不定式结构引起的破句时，可以把它附属于前句上;改正添加细节引起的破句时，可以把它附属在前面一个表达完整思想的句子上;可以给破句加上主语和动词使它成为一个独立子句;可以尽可能改变词序，辅以增减词，使破句成为前句的组成部分;改正缺少主语的破句时，可以把它附属于前句上，也可以给破句添加主语(通常是指代前句主语的代词形式)。

托福写作it引导句讲解

it 引导的句子

1. It is hard to imagine what _____ would look like without ____. 很难想象如果 _____ 没有了_____，_____ 会变成什么样子。

Residents in the disasters immediate prompt

很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。

It is true that ____;however, ____. 确实____，但是____。

确实，年轻人在现代社会中会遇到极具挑战性的困难，但是他们会想尽一切办法去克服。______

2. It has been made easier (possible) for somebody to do. 某人很容易做某事

现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。____________________________________

医学的发展使得人们有可能比过去活得长多了。_____________________________________

3. It takes time for somebody to do something 做某事需要多少时间

对许多人来说，要适应工作上的较大变动，可能需要很长一段时间。

4.It is + 形容词，名词+that(whether)主语从句

It is evident (an undeniable fact)that the wide use (popularity) of computers can make lives of modern people convenient.

It is unconceivable that_____ instead of shifting(switching) it job-hopping. 可想而知(无可争辩)，____。

可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。It is conceivable that taking an active part in physical exercises(being physically active) is of benefit to health.

无可争辩, 现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。lead a miserable life of starvation and exposure to the cold.

It is a controversial issue whether we make friends with the same ideas or with the opposite(opposing) ones . 是否____，这是一个有争议的问题。

女性是否应该参军，这是一个有极大争议的问题。

It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not.

Is it a blessing or a curse whether ____ or not?

It goes without saying that ____. 毫无疑问, ____.

毫无疑问，教育在人的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。_________________________________毫无疑问，科技的巨大进步为人类带来了许多好处。_________________________________

It is understandable(inevitable)that people’s attitudes are divergent on this controversial issue.

5. It is+副词(commonly, widely, generally, universally)+过去分词(said, known, believed, held, argued, noted, estimated, accepted, recognized，acknowledged)+that ____; however,____.

全世界都知道水对人类是不可缺少的。

It is universally acknowledged that ____field(sector, walk, arena circle); however, they create(yield) adverse impacts on psychological wholesome of children.

It is largely (natural) taken for granted that ____. ____ 是理所当然的。

计算机在我们日常生活中发挥着重要作用是理所当然的。

It has long been considered only right and proper (perfectly justified) to ____.

长期以来，____ 被视为____是理所应该的(完全合理的)。

上一代为下一代的成长承担完全的责任，长期以来被视为是理所应该的。

It cannot be denied that the overgrowth of tourism may destroy the ecological balance of some scenic resorts.

It is estimated that two thirds of the cities of our countries will be in acute shortage of fresh water by 2010.

6. It is+表示建议，命令的形容词(necessary, essential, imperative, advisable, desirable)

+that+(should)+动词原形

采取紧急措施与青少年非法吸毒作斗争非常必要。

It is imperative that something urgent be done to combat the widespread use of illegal(unlawful illicit illegitimate ) drugs among teenagers(adolescents, youngsters, juveniles).

(1) It is +somebody(something)+who(that).

人类正是为了维持生态平衡，才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种免遭残杀。_______________

(2) It is not until ____ that ____. 直到____才____

直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上的重要性。_______________________________________________________________________

7. It is no good (use, a waste of time, sense) doing. 覆水难收。________________________

It is no good blinking the fact that 不能无视 _____的事实.

8.It is high (about) time that ____. 该是____的时候了。

9. It has been____ since(before)____. 自从____来已经有____时间了。

自从计算机进入家庭以来已经有二十几年的时间了。__________________________________

10. It is worth doing something = It is worthwhile to do = It is worthy of being done =It pays to do ________是值得的。____是划算的。

有理由关心孩子的行为方式。

托福写作否定句的应用

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否定句 .not so much ____ as-- 与其____不如

一个人的工资取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献而不是他的教育背景。____________________________________________________________________

大学生参加兼职工作不是为钱，而是为更好地了解社会。_____________________________________

Not____without 不____就不， 没有____就没有Cannot____without = cannot____but 每次____总会

父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。______________________________________

既然人类是杂食动物，所以不能离开肉类而生存。_________________________________________

我们可以在没有商业广告的情况下生活， 但我们不能够没有信息而生存。_______________________

We can live without the presence of the advertising, but we cannot

survive without information.

On no account ( by no means, in no way, under no circumstances)can we + V ____ (我们绝对不能...) 我们绝对不能忽略知识的巨大价值。_________________________________________

.be far from satisfactory远不如人意。

介词against, beyond, but, except, without,... 形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, neglect, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want, be devoid of, far from 短语keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at sea

a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means

The problem of ____ should be taken into account now. ____ 问题现在应该被考虑在内了。

大城市的交通阻塞问题现在应该被考虑在内了。_________________________________________

应该教会孩子学会竞争与合作。___________________________________________________

can be viewed(seen, regarded) as 可以看作是____.

大学毕业生的高薪可以看作是他们多年刻苦努力的一种回报。High salaries of celebrities can be regarded as a reward of many years’ great efforts.

托福写作句子成分的介绍

1. 主语(名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子)

2. 谓语(动词或动词短语)

3. 宾语(名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子。跟不定式作宾语的常见动词：want agree hope plan decide offer prefer wish intend fail desire refuse afford choose manage expect aim promise consent pretend neglect ignore omit happen determine demand threaten resolve decline propose undertake volunteer。跟动名词作宾语的常见动词：finish enjoy mind keep stop dislike consider suggest miss avoid regret admit acknowledge delay practice deny imagine postpone risk advocate recall resist appreciate cannot help confess escape fancy defer resent evade contemplate forgive permit detest repent。

跟双宾语的常见动词：ask sent show teach give bring buy find get keep lend tell write wish offer deprive

4. 表语(名词，形容词:某些形容词，如careless, absurd, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, inconsiderate, greedy, money-oriented acquisitive materialistic generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, self-centered egocentric wicked, wrong等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。代词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子)

5. 定语(形容词，代词，数词，不定式，名词，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子)

____, which 1.is beneficial to adjusting to

2. is detrimental (hazardous)to

3. means(is equivalent to)

6. 状语(副词，形容词短语, 不定式，分词，介词短语，名词，句子)

7. 补语(形容词，名词，不定式：下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask get prompt allow forbid prefer announce force press inspire require assist hate pronounce advise recommend bear implore remind beg induce report compel invite command intend show drive mean train cause instruct deserve leave tell direct tempt entitle order warn enable need urge encourage oblige condemn

teach entreat permit wish，分词，介词短语)

8. 同位语(名词，不定式，动名词, 句子，后跟同位语从句的常见词fact news question proposal report altitude (latitude longitude evidence proof suggestion request idea conclusion thought notion value fiction fear)

9. 插入语(不定式，分词，介词短语，句子)

托福写作whatever引导句的解析

Whether引导的句型

Whether ____or not has become a controversial issue. 是否____已成为一个有争议的问题。

A vigorous debate over the issue whether ____or not has intrigued the public.关于是否____问题的激烈讨论引起了公众的兴趣。celebrities

关于教师是否在教育领域不再起重要作用的问题的激烈讨论引起了公众的兴趣。____________

关于游客应该吸收东道主国家的文化还是东道主接受外来的文化，这一问题的激烈争议引起了公众的兴趣。__________________________________________________________________

Whether _____ has triggered more heated discussion than ever before.

The practice of ____ makes people doubt whether _____ is worthwhile.

The issue of whether ____or not has been widely debated in ____nowadays.现在，就是否____的问题在____展开了广泛的讨论。

现在，就政府该不该投资艺术的问题在社会展开了广泛的讨论。subsidize_________________________