探秘托福阅读句子结构
托福阅读十大题型分别从词汇、句子、段落和篇章这四个不同维度对考生是否清晰读懂文章进行考察，而这其中长难句的理解是让很多考生觉得头痛的一个部分。下面小编就和大家分享探秘托福阅读句子结构，来欣赏一下吧。
探秘托福阅读句子结构
一、英语句子结构的原则
1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)
二、三大从句
1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句
引导词 (what / how / that / why / whether)
结构 主语从句
what + V O
what + S V
形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do
that / how / why / whether+S V O=n.
That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known. It is known that the ancestors of birdsare dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)
形式主语和强调句的区别
形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.
n.=it
强调句 It is / was + A + that + B
SVO=A+B
而且通常情况下 It is / was……是强调句
同位语从句
同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2
S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO
前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.
可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view / idea / suggestion / fact / reason / conclusion……
同位语和定语从句的区别
同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.
定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。
Example
It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.
人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。
※如何找出复杂句中的谓语?
先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。
2、形容词性从句=定语从句
引导词
(1) that / which / who(whom)(代词性)
(2) whose / when / where(非代词性)
结构
that / which / who(whom)=S+VO=a.
This is pig that / which is very fat.
(1) that / which / who(whom)=O+SV=a.
因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语
This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)
This is the pig from which I make fun.
引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词
this is the pig,which is very fast
this is the pig, (which)I ate.
This is the pig, from which I make fun.
(2) whose / when / where(非代词性)+SVO=a.
The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.
This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。
※具体分析举例
In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……
看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developedthat based on it….
因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.
※形容词性从句的省略
当that / which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.
This is the pig I ate.
当that / which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.
The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.
※个别情况下，which / as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated withthe spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted incollision, subduction, and mountain building.
※系表倒装
主系表结构 变成 表系主 结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时
1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.
In Jilin province lies my hometown.
2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.
Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….
3、副词性从句 = 状语从句
引导词 when / though / while / although……
结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.
When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略的条件 s’=S v’=be
省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycol proteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.
托福阅读：长难句翻译内容
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果的乐器。Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。
托福阅读词汇积累
1.谐音记忆 如：lethal可记成“离骚”.
2.联想记忆 如：battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
3.比较记忆 如：形近单词ethnical和ethical相比，ethnical比ethical多个字母n，这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation，“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。
4.发音记忆 如：exacerbate的音标为[eks's?(:)bet]，遵循了发音规律，考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律，边读边背，就可以很轻松的记住它了。
5.词群记忆 如：在背foremost一词时，考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。
6.拆分记忆 如：interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change,后缀-able 。
7.滚动记忆 如：如果背单词表，在第一天背了10个单词，那么第二天在背新的10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词，以此类推，另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词，因为既然是阅读高频词，肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
托福阅读相关文章：
★ 学习资料库
★ 英语阅读
★ 学习资料库
探秘托福阅读句子结构
