托福阅读提升正确率先看懂句子逻辑关系

托福阅读提升正确率先看懂句子逻辑关系 ,3种常见关系剖析,今天小编给大家带来托福阅读提升正确率先看懂句子逻辑关系 ,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读提升正确率先看懂句子逻辑关系 3种常见关系剖析

托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析：因果关系

涉及的题型有：细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高，我曾做过一个统计，在托福给出的官方练习题中，细节题中考查到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。所以，无论是从考试的角度，还是提高阅读力本身，掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。

以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇文章"The origin of theaters"为例，有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的"rituals"。

在定位词出现的句子中，我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做"as a result"。

根据题目要求，答案的出处应该就在前一句话中，而只要能够认识"detached"这个单词，考生还是能比较顺利地选出正确答案。

类似于"as a result"这样具有因果关系提示的词组还有很多，写作的时候也能派上用场，所以提醒各位考生一定要踏实地做好积累。

比如，"attribute X to Y"这个短语在官方练习题中就出现过三次，并且都是决定考生是否能读懂文章的必备词汇。

同理，在推理题中，我们也可以利用常见的因果关联词找到推理的方向。

官方大纲中也明确指出，推理题会“给出一个结论，让考生推理结论产生的原因”。

在官方练习题中一篇名为"The extinctions of dinosaurs"的文章里就有一道非常典型的推理题，根据段落最后一句话句首的"So"，考生可以将解题的突破囗锁定在前一句话中。当然，推理题本质上不同于细节题，还需要在文章给出的基础之上做适当地引申。

而且，推理题也会让同学们去推文中的某些信息带来的影响，但是考查“推结果”没有“推原因”的比例高，所以在备考的时候还需要合理分配时间。

因果关系更是在修辞目的题中有着明显的出题规律。考生们一定要学会换位思考，作者为什么要在一个段落中交代“原因”?无外乎就是为了给对应的事情一个解释。

反之，作者为什么要提及“结果”，也是为了告诉读者相关事情带来的影响。

此外，有个不可忽视地信号，在最新放出的官方练习题中，因果关系在修辞目的题中的体现越来越含蓄。这无疑是暗示考生，未来的考试中不一定会出现明确的关联词，但仍然考查的是因果关系。

托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析：比较关系

涉及的题型有：细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。

大家可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话：

Tunas,mackerels,and bill fishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact.The body shapes of tunas, in fact，are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view.Most species lack scales over most of the body,making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.They are also covered with a slick,transparent lid that reduces drag.The fins are stiff,smooth,and narrow,qualities that also help cut drag.When not in use,the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

读过这篇文章的同学应该不陌生，是官方指南上的第六篇例文，这道题目问的是作者为什么要提及方框内的这部分信息。

通过句尾的四个单词，同学们能够理解到飞机的这一操作其实和前文描写鱼在海里游的行为具有相同的道理，也就能判断出最后两句话之间是类比的关系。

所以修辞目的题中对于比较关系的考查还是比较容易上手的，无外乎对比和类比两个角度。

在推理题中，比较关系是常见的推理思路一一“反向推理”的逻辑基础。例如，官方指南上一篇讲到"Himalayas"和"Caledonia"山脉的文章，作者利用了对比的手法论证山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间上的比较，也有两座山之间的比较，这种类型的题目往往是大家容易出错的点。

托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析：例证关系

涉及的题型有：词汇题、细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。

众所周知，一篇成熟的议论文，都会有强有力的例子来证明作者自己的观点。

所以，例证关系也是非常重要的句间关系，这一关系的体现我们从词汇题开始说起。

官方指南上有一道词汇题，提问的对象是"distort"这个单词。

相信很多同学都认识这个词，现在，请大家从句间关系的角度上去重新思考下。

请看下文：

Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.For example,they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

在"distort"这个词出现的后一句就是一个非常简单的实例，通过实例我们发现这句话就是对"distort"最简单的一种解释，从而理解出这个单词的意思是“误解”。

在主流的八大题型中，例证关系体现最频繁的就是修辞目的题，超过半数的修辞目的题都是在考查举例的写作意图。这类题目的未来趋势是尽量减少关联词的出现，取而代之的是句子的具体表达。

怎么通过句子的表达来判断提问的对象是否是一个例子呢?就要从例子的呈现的特点去思考。

比如在一篇议论文中，如果出现了描写一个人或者一个团队的冒险经历，亦或是他们做实验的过程，有具体的记叙型要素，那么他们的出现就是为了证明上文中的论点服务的。

官方指南中讲“食草动物的饮食习惯”和“19世纪的美国政治”两篇文章中都有典型的例题。

到了推理题中，题干中的对象多半是一个“例子”，也就是说我们不仅要读懂例子本身，更需要去结合例子和前文观点之间的关系。

最典型的一道例题在一篇名为“生态系统的长期稳定性"的文章中，通过前后句的例证关系我们才能推理出"redwood forests"可能的生长地带。虽然例证关系在推理题中出现比例并没有在修辞目的题中那么高，但是为了在考场上游刀有余，还是要进行相应的思维训练。

实例解读托福阅读的段落中心如何抓取

阅读TPO3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

第一段段落中心： 背景铺垫Ogallala Aquifer所在地区的气候和经济等信息。The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

第二段段落中心：Ogallala Aquifer水量大，但是补给速度慢。The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

第三段段落中心：灌溉农业的发展转变了这个地区的经济。This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

第四段段落中心：Ogallala蓄水层的水位下降特别快。The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.

第五段段落中心：农民对Ogallala即将枯竭的反应不一。

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

第六段段落中心：应对水供应危机的三种解决方案及其缺点。

如何巧解托福阅读中的否定事实信息题

熟悉托福阅读的考生都知道，托福阅读有十大题型，这十大题型各有侧重考查点，是ETS为考查我们各方面语言能力而设计的。因此，明确题型的特点和其所考查的能力，能够帮助我们在做题的时候思路更加清晰，目标更加明确，正确率自然能够得到保证。同时，针对不同题型的特定的解题技巧，也帮助我们更快、更准、更稳的去解题。今天，等待我们去探索的，就是否定事实信息题--Negative Factual Information question。

否定事实信息题长得非常好辨识，问题标志词为EXCEPT或NOT，题干要求在四个选项中选出一个和题干去掉EXCEPT或NOT之后所叙述内容不相符合的选项(听起来好绕@@，以下简称“去否题干”)，其实就是四个选项中三个选项的内容是“正确的”(确切来讲是符合“去否题干”内容的)，一个选项内容是不符合“去否题干”内容的，我们要做的就是找出它，是它是它就是它(没错，就是挑错题)!那么问题来了，我们都知道，事实信息题通常只需要找一个选项符合题干就可以了，否定事实信息题却要在原文中找三个选项符合“去否的题干”!聪明的同学已经发现了，这意味着否定事实信息题需要很大很大的阅读范围，它考查的能力比事实信息题要更加注重“信息查找能力”。很明显，这种思路是典型的“4选3”思路，与我们说的“巧解”大相径庭，那么如何“巧解”否定事实信息题呢?

我们来看一道例题：

Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder,and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines, in each of the following ways, EXCEPT:

It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder

It worked with greater speed.

It was more efficient in its use of fuel.

It could be used in many different ways.

--TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution

读题干后，我们找到关键词Watt's steam engine，题干问的是Watt's steam engine与earlier steam在哪些方面不同。通常，同学们在读完题干后知道选项中有3个是Watt's steam engine的特点，然后就带着关键词回原文定位，定位后细读定位内容，然后对比选项，选出答案为A。这是最普遍的同学们的做法。通过读定位部分我们发现，定位部分的内容占据段落一半的内容，而且涉及蒸汽机的工作原理，增加了阅读难度，那有没有什么方法能够快速解这道题呢?首先我们再来分析以下题干，题干问的是Watt's steam engine在哪些方面differed from早前的蒸汽机，differ from意为“不同于”，涉及到“比较”，同学们可以快速的开以下脑洞，猜想本题的正确选项很有可能是earlier steam engine的特点，也许这个特点只有earlier steam engine具备，也许是Watt's steam engine和earlier steam engine共有的特点，总之，如果发现earlier steam engine特点的选项，就一定是本题的正确答案了!这一点在我们读段落第二句的时候一下子就得到了验证，发现earlier steam engine是用expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder，那么答案很显然选A，这样，我们规避了去核对剩下3个选项的繁琐步骤，并且，由于选项的词汇和句子都非常简单，我们还可以通过读剩下3个选项来帮助我们更好的理解文意。

通过上面这个题目，不知道同学们有没有总结出来技巧?聪明的同学发现了，我们的技巧就是先根据题干关键词定位，大致划定符合“去否题干”内容所在的范围，然后此范围以外的内容(通常在该范围之前我们就能读到)，就是否定事实信息题的正确答案。不难发现，这个技巧利用了否定事实信息题正确答案的特点，这就更加印证了，当我们更深入的了解了题型的特点，就会有更好的方法帮助我们更高效的解题。更多否定事实信息题的解题技巧，请继续关注。

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