GRE阅读之学术化代表措辞规范

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GRE阅读：学术化代表措辞规范

1. 温和的措辞

对于这个考试来说，学术化就是最大的纲，也是它迥异于托福雅思的纲，我曾在另文中指出，雅思托福的命题目的是生活化，而对于gre来说，学术化代表着措辞的规范和温和。对于考生的意义在于，文章的整体是温和的，文章里面出现的极端的言辞都是要注意的，文章里面的事实都是与我们学术生活共时的，对于过去的追忆和反现实的虚拟状态，都是非常明显的潜在出题点。尤其是虚拟语气，往往表示应然而非然之状态，很有可能出现负评价，以态度题的方式考察。而一切过分极端的言辞，如绝对的说法，大多数，比较级尤其是强烈比较级，在文章里的出现要注意，还有一种也是强烈的对比的标志，就是以大写字母标注的时间，指明某时之前或之后，我们称之为时间强对比。以上总结之，即是三大关系，强对比，因果以及转折。表示这些关系的连词，一律要注意，最好做出标记。而对于题目来说，考生要注意以上说法是在哪里出现，如果文章有这些强烈的措辞，那么题目当中对应这些段落的选项也有，就很可能是对的，如果选项出现而文章的相应位置没有，则该选项必错。

2. 对于态度的预见

主题题，态度题如何解决呢?首先我们需要了解GRE的评价体系。

对于激进的( 进化论)左的(马列)上纲上线的，通常不与支持，对于以政治干涉学术，尤其反对。

对于歧视弱者，损害弱者尤其反对，弱者恒强。

Should, must, should have 等词也是负评价，应然不然。

选项中极端的，进行人生攻击的，模棱两可的，谄媚的，马上排除，因为这是学术考试。

选项过分极端的副词，也要小心，如表示绝对的言辞。

3. 如何处理文章

诸生读此类文章最大误区在于试图读懂，更有甚者，寻求文章之背景，遍寻译文，以期充分理解，虽有燃膏继晷之功，难有吴甲吞楚之效，盖此种文章，非为考生读懂而设计。更有甚者，仿阅读之结构，言辞，图作文之高分，则更加南辕北辙，缘木求鱼而已。请杀鸡诸位谨记：

这是考试，你只有13-15分钟做题，文章不是用来读懂的，对待难句最好的办法是考虑怎么不读，少读，而不是分析。

学术文章特点就是规范，层次清晰，主题明确。

我们一定要读出套路，尤其是文章观点的数量，这个直接关系到主题题怎么出。

我们要把每段的层次的连词标记出来，我们还要知道每个层次的主题词是什么，周围有没有否定词(改善题)，有没有褒贬的词(态度题，应用题)。至于例子，也可以考虑不读或者少读，因为GRE阅读重点考观点，例子是事实，事实记得越多，混淆信息越多，做题越慢，准确率越低。对于例子，只要记住位置就可以，题目考到再看，不考坚决不看。以观点记例子，以观点分层次，以观点分逻辑关系。

4. 如何看题

首先记住，先文后题。

道理很简单，你直接读题，根本读不懂。

所以很重要的是搞明白两个问题，这个题目对应文章那个层次，考的是观点还是例子。

题型很重要，意义在于告诉你正确选项的特征的如何定位。

新GRE逻辑阅读

1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency, previously gave its employees 2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1,200

hours worked. Therefore, this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did. Which of the following is an assumption on which

the argument depends?

(A) Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.

(B) A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.

(C) Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.

(D) A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1,200 hours.

(E) Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.

2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material in frog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radi- ation, and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous, the frog population decline is probably due, at least in part, to the ultraviolet radiation increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument?

(A) Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation, only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.

(B) In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations, populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.

(C) The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.

(D) In many places where turtles, which lay eggs with tough, leathery coverings, share habitats with frogs, turtle populations are also in decline.

(E) Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.

3 To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as a consequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority(time on the job), generally the younger workers.The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion?

(A) The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs are being restructured.

(B) When assembly-line workers have made sug- gestions for improvements in manufacturing processes, some suggestions have been implemented, but many have not.

(C) Assembly-line workers now need increased reading and mathematical skills to do their jobs.

(D) Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.

(E) The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.

4.During the nineteenth century, Britain's urban popu- lation increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that, rather than industrialization's being the cause, this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas, each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypoth-esis, the historian will compare economic data with population census data. The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to be

true?

(A) The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.

(B) The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.

(C) Periods when the agrarian economy was compar- atively strong and the industrial economy com- paratively weak were associated with a particu- larly rapid decline in the rural population.

(D) Periods when the agrarian and industrial econo- mies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban popula- tion.

(E) The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.

5 Politician：Each year, small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore, in order to reduce unemployment in the long term, we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?

(A) In general, people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.

(B) Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.

(C) Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.

(D) A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.

(E) The average large business contributes more money to politicians’ campaign funds than the average small business does.

6 In the workplace, influenza is typically spread by infected individuals to others with whom they work in close quarters. A new medication that suppresses the symptoms of influenza therefore will actually increase the number of influenza cases, because this medication will allow people who would otherwise be home in bed to return to work while infected. Which of the following, if true, most seriously chal- lenges the prediction?

(A) Coughing, a symptom of influenza that the new medication suppresses, is a primary mechanism in the spread of this illness.

(B) Some medications that are used to suppress symptoms of influenza are also used by many people to treat symptoms that are caused not by influenza but by other illnesses.

(C) Many workers who now remain at home when infected with influenza do so because the symptoms of influenza prevent them from per-forming their jobs effectively.

(D) Most adults who are immunized against influ- enza in order to avoid being infected are over 65 years old and retired and thus do not work outside the home.

(E) Symptoms of an illness are often the body's means of curing itself of the illness, and there-

fore suppression of symptoms can prolong the illness that causes them.

7 Editorial： Critics of nuclear power complain about the allegedly serious harm that might result from continued operation of existing nuclear power plants. But such concerns do not justify closing these plants;after all, their operation has caused no more harm than that caused by pollution generated by coal-and oil-burning power plants, the most important other sources of energy. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Existing nuclear power plants should be closed only if it can be conclusively demonstrated that their continued operation is likely to cause harm more serious than the harm their operation has already caused.

(B) Closing existing nuclear power plants would require greatly increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning power plants.

(C) The harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has been significant.

(D) The harm that a nuclear power plant is likely to cause as it continues to operate can be reliably predicted from the past history of nuclear power plants.

(E) The only harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has resulted from the pollution generated by these plants.

8 Drug manufacturer: Although our company requires that patients who use our new drug also pur- chase from us nonreusable kits for weekly blood testing, the expense of those kits is an entirely necessary one: weekly blood testing must be done to monitor the drug's potential side effects, which can be very dangerous. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weak- ens the manufacturer's argument?

(A) The expense of purchasing the blood-test kits has not prevented any patients from obtaining them or the drug.

(B) Medical laboratories can perform the blood test- ing at a lower cost to patients or their insurers than the price the manufacturer charges for the kits.

(C) A one-year supply of the drug and the weekly blood-test kits can cost patients or their insurers over $10,000.

(D) Most government and other health insurance programs will not reimburse patients for the full cost of both the drug and the blood-test kits.

(E) Patients who suffer one or more of the danger- ous side effects of the drug can incur heavy expenses for the treatment of those side effects.

9 Virginia and her brother William disagree over when their father was born: Virginia claims it was in 1935 and William claims it was in 1933. The hospital where their father was born has no records for 1933 but has complete records for 1935—records that do not include a birth record for their father. Therefore, he must have been born in 1933. The argument depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Either Virginia's claim or William's claim is correct.

(B) The records of the hospital where their father was born date back to 1933.

(C) Virginia and William know the day and the month of their father's birth.

(D) There are urgent practical reasons why Virginia and William must know the date of their father's birth.

(E) None of their other relatives knows the year in which Virginia and William's father was born.

10 The town of San Leonardo has recently enacted a law banning smoking in all restaurants within town limits. Since many smokers who normally dine in San Leonardo's restaurants will not want to refrain from smoking during their meals, San Leonardo's restau- rants will undoubtedly lose many patrons and con- siderable income. Which of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument above?

(A) Most residents of San Leonardo who eat in res- taurants are not smokers.

(B) Most smokers who dine in the company of non- smokers are willing to refrain from smoking during their meals.

(C) If the law banning smoking in restaurants had not been enacted, it is likely that a more stringent law banning smoking in all public places in San Leonardo would have been enacted instead.

(D) Prior to the enactment of the law banning smoking in San Leonardo's restaurant, the town had a law that required most restaurants to have nonsmoking sections.

(E) None of the other communities adjacent to San Leonardo, which have restaurants comparable to those of San Leonardo, has enacted and enforces any antismoking legislation.

11. Children whose biological parents both have Tic Syndrome Z (TSZ), which is characterized by the involuntary contraction of certain muscles, are about four times more likely to develop such contractions than are children whose biological parents do not have TSZ, It is likely, therefore, that predisposition to TSZ is an inherited trait. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

(A) Children whose parents have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are under unusual stress at school or at home than if they are not under such stress.

(B) Children whose biological parents do not have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents with TSZ than if they are raised by their biological parents.

(C) Children whose biological parents have TSZ are as likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents who do not have TSZ as if they are raised by their biological parents.

(D) Children whose biological parents have TSZ and who develop TSZ usually avoid developing a severe form of the syndrome if they

(E) Children with TSZ whose biological parents do not have TSZ are less likely to have the syn- drome diagnosed when symptoms first appear than are children with TSZ whose biological parents have TSZ.

12. Playing eighteenth-century music on the instruments of that period provides valuable information about how the music originally sounded. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be played without being restored, however, and restoring such an instrument destroys all of the information that researchers could obtain from it about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true on the basis of them?

(A) Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be used to provide information about the original techniques used in playing such instruments if they have been restored.

(B) Eighteenth-century instruments that have been restored can provide information only about how eighteenth-century music originally sounded

(C) Eighteenth-century instruments are the only source of information about the instrument-making techniques of that period.

(D) An eighteenth-century instrument that has not been restored can provide more information than can one that has been restored.

(E) An eighteenth-century instrument cannot serve as a source of new information about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques once it can be played