TOEFL托福阅读理解真题整合

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托福阅读真题1

A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.

North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The history of surveys in North America

(B) The principles of conducting surveys

(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys

(D) The importance of polls in American political life

2. The word they in line 8 refers to

(A) North Americans

(B) news shows

(C) interviews

(D) opinions

3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that

they

(A) are not based on a representative sampling

(B) are used only on television

(C) are not carefully worded

(D) reflect political opinions

4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) planned

(B) rational

(C) required

(D) accurate

5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?

(A) A high number of respondents

(B) Carefully worded questions

(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings

(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results

6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) utilize

(B) consider

(C) design

(D) defend

7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) compose

(B) rule out

(C) predict

(D) bring out

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated

with questionnaires is that

(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires

(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read

(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute

(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions

9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live

interviews

(A) cost less

(B) can produce more information

(C) are easier to interpret

(D) minimize the influence of the researcher

10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) explore

(B) influence

(C) analyze

(D) apply

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Survey (line 1)

(B) Public opinion (line 8)

(C) Representative sampling (line 13)

(D) Response rate (line 24)

PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A

托福阅读真题2

The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.

Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.

Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance — from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.

1. The word attained in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) attempted

(B) changed

(C) lost

(D) reached

2. The word flamed in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned

(B) divided

(C) fallen

(D) grown

3. The word they in line 7 refers to

(A) nuclear reactions

(B) giant planets

(C) terrestrial

(D) substances

4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is

(A) extremely hot

(B) combined with helium

(C) similar to atmospheres

(D) under great pressures

5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they

both have

(A) solid surfaces

(B) similar masses

(C) similar atmospheres

(D) metallic cores

6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of

(A) ammonia

(B) helium

(C) hydrogen

(D) methane

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is

caused by

(A) the Great Red Spot

(B) heat from the Sun

(C) the planet's fast rotation

(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere

8. The author uses the word puzzling in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is

(A) the only spot of its kind

(B) not well understood

(C) among the largest of such spots

(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence

9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?

(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.

(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.

(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.

(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.

10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?

(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun

(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets

(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has

(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off

11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is

(A) the least dense

(B) the largest

(C) warm on the surface

(D) very rocky on the surface

12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?

(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.

(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.

(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.

(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat

PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB.

托福阅读真题3

Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?

Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.

1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?

(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.

(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.

(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.

(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.

2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) small

(B) varied

(C) wild

(D) particular

3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) guarantees

(B) proves

(C) teaches

(D) assumes

4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when

imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?

(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.

(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.

(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.

(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.

5. The word it in line 12 refers to

(A) development

(B) goose

(C) time

(D) object

6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) willingly

(B) moderately

(C) appropriately

(D) emotionally

7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT

(A) grasping

(B) crying

(C) eating

(D) smiling

8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to

(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met

(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent

(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation

(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation

9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) cognitive development

(B) emotional attachment

(C) psychological need

(D) behavioral change

10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that

(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied

(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence

(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals

(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior

PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD