托福听力听抄训练方法介绍

重点在于突出文章的结构和重要信息点，如官方真题Official24L3中对于北美大型动物消失原因的讨论，如果落实到笔记上，首先要突出的是文章的总分结构，三个理论的框架要能体现，其次要能体现重要信息点，如文章中对理论的评价。练习时要注意对一篇文章做完笔记后，务必要和文章的文本做一次核对，逐一核对文章的段落和信息点是否在笔记中有体现，并在完成核对后注意总结。

学会了以上训练方法，大家再想要提升对托福听力重点学科的了解就不会那么困难了，希望每位有所欠缺的同学都能掌握这些训练技巧要点提升应试能力。

托福听力练习：鲨鱼体内含毒素或威胁类

Living at the top of the food chain, sharks can accumulate dangerous levels of methylmercury. So much that pregnant women and children are advised not to eat shark at all. But sharks can accumulate another toxin too, called BMAA, which has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease. Which could be bad news for shark eaters.

"Mercury in combination with BMAA is a one-two punch." Deborah Mash, a professor of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. "These are two synergistic toxins. So even if there are low levels of exposure from the mercury or the BMAA, when humans are exposed to both of these toxins, then they will have a synergistic effect on the nervous system."

BMAA starts out in cyanobacteria, and travels up the food chain through crabs and shrimp and fish. And, as previous studies have shown, makes all the way to sharks. What Mash and her colleagues wanted to know was how widespread the problem was, and if the chemical often appeared alongside mercury. So they analyzed fin and muscle samples from 10 species of shark—55 individuals in all—from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And they found BMAA and mercury in all 10 species. Suggesting that exposure to that "one-two punch" could be pretty common. The results are in the journal Toxins.

It's still not clear at this point what sort of risk this occasional exposure through food might have. Still, Mash isn't waiting.

"I myself would not want to be exposed to BMAA or methyl mercury in my diet by eating shark fin or shark meat or taking shark cartilage products. We already know that mercury is toxic to our health. And we already know that BMAA plus mercury is a very bad mix for the brain. So people need to be concerned, and I think that's not only for the benefit of us as consumers, but also to the poor sharks, who are threatened with extinction."

Conservationists have argued for years that sharks should be spared. Maybe now that it's us who are threatened... people might finally start to leave them alone.

因为生活在食物链的顶端，所以鲨鱼可以积累达到危险水平的汞。因为鲨鱼体内的汞含量非常高，所以建议孕妇和儿童不要吃鲨鱼。但是，鲨鱼还能积累另外一种毒素——BMAA，这种毒素与神经退行性疾病的发展有关。这对爱吃鲨鱼的人来说可是个坏消息。

“汞和BMAA的结合可谓是双重重击。”黛博拉·马许是迈阿密大学米勒医学院的神经学教授。“这是两种协同作用的毒素。即使汞或者BMAA的含量很低，但是只要人类接触到这两种毒素，它们就会对人的神经系统产生协同效应。”

BMAA最初存在于蓝藻中，之后通过螃蟹、虾类和鱼类进入食物链上层。此前的研究已经表明，BMAA最后进入鲨鱼体内。马许和她的同事们想知道，如果这种化学物质经常和汞一起出现，那这个问题的普遍性有多大。所以，他们从太平洋和大西洋的55只鲨鱼中提取分析了10种鲨鱼的鳍和肌肉样本。在这10种鲨鱼中，均发现了BMAA和汞。这表明，这两种毒素的结合非常普遍。该研究结果发表在《毒素》杂志上。

目前尚不清楚通过食物接触这些毒素会产生何种风险。但是马许并没有坐等结果。

“我不想因为吃鱼翅、鲨鱼肉或服用鲨鱼软骨制品而在饮食中接触到BMAA或甲基汞。我们已经知道汞危害我们的健康。我们也知道BMAA和汞结合会对我们的大脑造成更严重的危害。所以，我认为人们担心的不应该仅仅是我们作为消费者的利益，同时也要担心濒临灭绝的可怜的鲨鱼。”

多年来，环保人士一直认为应该保护鲨鱼。也许现在受到威胁的是我们人类……所以，现在人们可能不会再去管它们了。

重点讲解：

1. even if 即使;尽管;纵然;

例句：They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.

即使你不成功他们也会支持你。

2. be exposed to 使暴露于(险境);使遭受(危险或不快);

例句：Women who are exposed to mercury, cadmium, or vinyl chloride before conceiving seem to be especially likely to have autistic kids.

女性在怀孕期间接触汞、镉或氯乙烯很有可能会生出自闭症患儿。

3. start out 起初是…;

例句：He started out to fix the car himself, but in the end, he had to ask for help.

起初他本打算自己修车，可最后他还是不得不请人帮忙。

4. leave alone 听…自便;随…去;不打扰;

例句：Some people need to confront a traumatic past; others find it better to leave it alone.

有人需要直面过去的创伤，有人则觉得不去想它为妙。

2020托福听力练习：预防少女怀孕的项目反而增加怀孕率

This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

Used to be, teenage kids had to carry around a bag of flour wrapped in a blanket to learn the responsibilities of parenthood. But these days? The same lesson is taught with hi-tech dolls that cry and record every interaction.

"You know they get grumpy, you have to rock them to calm them down, they have to be fed." Sally Brinkman, an epidemiologist at the Telethon Kids Institute, in Australia. "It's supposed to be so tiring and so difficult that it puts them off and they say 'I don't want to be a teenage mom.' And then they think about contraception and all of those sorts of things."

Problem is, that theory — that the dolls will discourage teenage parenthood—doesn't seem to be true, according to a new study by Brinkman and her colleagues. The team recruited nearly 3,000 13- to 15-year-old girls for the trial, from 57 schools in Western Australia. All the girls got the standard Australian curriculum on contraception and sexual health. But half had to care for the infant dolls—and got extra education sessions with the school nurse.

The team's hypothesis? "We thought either it's going to make a difference, or it's going to make no difference whatsoever. We hadn't expected that it would do the opposite." And in fact, the girls who cared for the dolls were nearly one and a half times more likely to get pregnant before age 20, than teens in the control group. The findings are in The Lancet.

The company that makes the dolls has criticized the trial, and says the researchers didn't properly implement the educational portion of the program. But Brinkman disagrees. Maybe, she says, the program itself is flawed. "If we're inadvertently increasing teenage pregnancy rates, you know, this program needs to stop. We shouldn't be delivering it in schools."

以前，十几岁的孩子在学习为人父母的责任时要带着裹在毯子里的一袋面粉。那现在呢?现在，同样的课程用可以哭还可以记录所有互动的高科技娃娃来完成。

“你知道他们会生气，你要抱着他们轻轻晃动来让他们平静下来，你要喂他们吃东西。”萨莉·布林克曼是澳大利亚特里松儿童研究院的流行病学家。“这既累人又很难，会让他们失去耐心，他们会说‘我不想当年轻妈妈。'然后他们会考虑避孕和其他相关问题。”

问题是，娃娃会让年轻父母感到泄气的理论看起来并不正确，这是布林克曼和她同事进行的新研究得出的结论。布林我曼和她的团队从西澳大利亚57所学校招募了近3000名13至15岁的女孩进行试验。所有女孩都在澳大利亚国家标准课程学习了避孕和性健康的知识。其中有一半女孩曾照顾过婴儿娃娃，而且在护校学习了额外的教育课程。

该团队的假设?“我们认为，结果要么有区别，要么就完全没有区别。我们没想到结果恰恰相反。”实际上，曾经照顾过娃娃的女孩可能在20岁以前怀孕的机率比对照组中的女孩高出1.5倍。这一研究结果发表在《柳叶刀》期刊上。

生产这种娃娃的公司对这项试验进行了指责，他们认为研究人员没有妥善实施该项目的教育责任。但是布林克曼不同意这种说法。她说，也许这个项目本身就存在缺陷。“如果我们无意中使少女怀孕率上升，那这个项目就要停止。我们不应该在学校里进行这个项目。”

重点讲解：

1. calm down (使)平静下来;(使)镇定下来;

例句：His rage was soon calmed down by the rustic peace.

乡村的宁静很快就使他的怒气平静下来。

2. put off 使反感;使对…失去兴趣;

例句：The high divorce figures don't seem to be putting people off marriage.

离婚的人很多，但这好像并没有打消人们对结婚的热情。

3. care for 照料;照顾;护理;

例句：It seemed to be her mission to care for her brother's children.

照顾她兄弟的孩子似乎成了她一生的使命。