实例解析托福阅读选非题

【Paragraph 5】Extrafloralnectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than aquarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars,and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied byants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet.Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they laytheir eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

12. According to paragraph 5, antsdefend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following waysEXCEPT

A. driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet

B. catching and eating adult beetles

C. eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits

D. making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits

EXCEPT选非过程：

1. 审题：找到题干核心词seed beetles

2. 定位：确定出题区间，找到列举信息

Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drivethem away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

3. 排除：排除符合原文要求的三个选项，注意选项的同义改写

B. catching and eating adult beetles抓捕和吃掉成年甲壳虫

= the ants prey onthe adult beetles 蚂蚁捕食成年甲壳虫

C. eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits吃掉在水果上的甲壳虫卵

= eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay 蚂蚁吃掉甲壳虫成功产下的卵

D. making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits使甲壳虫很难再发育的水果上产卵

= disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits 蚂蚁干扰正在水果上产卵的雌性甲壳虫

有同学说，A选项nipping at their feet(夹它们的脚)也对应了原文they drive them away by nipping at their feet，那我们来看看nipping at their feet这句话原句具体信息：Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers,they drive them away by nipping at their feet.尽管蚂蚁还不足以大到能够杀死或严重伤害蚂蚱，但是蚂蚁可以通过夹它们的脚赶走蚂蚱。

所以，本题最后的答案是：A

TIPS:

1. 符合题干要求的三个选项一般以列举形式出现，比如a, b, and c;或者first，second 、moreover / furthermore, third / final等。

2. 当四个选项都在原文当中出现时，必定有一个答非所问，请注意看清题干要求

官方真题Official20-1 Westward Migration

【Paragraph 2】Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes,material success, and better lives.

4. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT

A. the desire to move from one place to the next

B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status

C. the opportunity to change jobs

D. the need to escape religious or political crises

点评：

本题是一道非常经典的选非题，很多同学在做本题时都会很快的排除D选项，因为D：the need to escapereligious or political crises实在太容易在原文当中找到对应的句子：The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece ofland until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.所以，很多同学在排除D选项之后，好得意哟!

但，D选项就是咱们的正确答案!

What!!!

下面，我们来看一下解题过程。

EXCEPT 选非过程：

1. 审题：reasons, Americans migrated westward美国人向西部迁移原因

2. 定位：确定出题区间，找到列举信息

本段都在讲美国人向西迁移的原因，出题范围较大;但是，我们可以很快的找到表列举信息的信号词moreover，所以可以确定moreover的前后至少各有一个原因。

3. 排除：排除符合原文要求的三个选项，注意选项的同义改写

A. the desire to move from one place to the next想要从一个地方搬迁到另一个地方

= Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place.许多经历了这次剧变的人，缺乏曾经将他们和他们的祖先束缚在一个地方的纽带。(也就是说人们不再只愿意住在a single place，而想要搬到不同的地方)

B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status希望改进社会经济地位

=believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position人们认为他们有责任改进他们的社会地位和经济地位

C. the opportunity to change jobs换工作的机会

=some people changed occupations easily人们可以很容易的换职业，occupation职业

D. the need to escape religious or political crises

本选项很容易找到原文信息：The European ancestors ofsome Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece ofland until some religious, political, or economiccrisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.一些美国人的欧洲祖先，几个世纪以来扎根于相同的村庄或土地，直到宗教危机、政治危机和经济危机使他们连根拔起，迫使他们横跨大西洋。

但是，请注意本句话的主语：The European ancestors of some Americans，即一些美国人的欧洲祖先，与本题中的主语American不符。所以，本题答案是D选项。

托福阅读长难句：澳大利亚土著文化

While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites,which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years, a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. (TPO23, 62)

archaeological /ˌɑ:kiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 考古学的

profile /'prəʊfaɪl/ n. 侧面(像);轮廓，外形

underlying adj. 潜在的，根本的

geometric /ˌdʒɪə'metrɪk/ adj. 几何的

obscure /əb'skjʊə/ vt. 使不分明，遮掩

symbolism /'sɪmbəlɪz(ə)m/ n. 象征主义

(While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites), (which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years), a number of writers have warned (that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia), (in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important). (TPO23, 62)

分析：

修饰一：(While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites) ，从句

中文：虽然接受了这种顺序与这些地点的考古图案相符

修饰二：(which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years) ，从句，修饰sites

中文：这些地方几千年来充满了这样的图案

修饰三：(that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia) ，从句，注意里面有一个破折号来解释说明前面的顺序：a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic(从简单图案和几何图案再到复杂图案和自然主义图案的发展)

中文：但一些作者警告说这种顺序的潜在假设——从简单图案和几何图案再到复杂图案和自然主义图案的发展——模糊了澳大利亚土著文化的连续性，

修饰四：(in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important) ，从句，修饰前面的Aboriginal Australia

中文：而在这里几何图案的象征主义依然十分重要。

参考翻译：

虽然接受了这种顺序与这些地点的考古图案相符(这些地方几千年来充满了这样的图案)，但一些作者警告说这种顺序的潜在假设——从简单图案和几何图案再到复杂图案和自然主义图案的发展——模糊了澳大利亚土著文化的连续性，而在这里几何图案的象征主义依然十分重要。

托福阅读长难句：岩石艺术风格

Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.(TPO23, 58)

archaeologist /ˌɑ:ki'ɔlədʒist/ n. 考古学家

coin vt. 创造(新词语)

geometric /ˌdʒɪə'metrɪk/ adj. 几何的

figurative adj. 比喻的，形象的

pan-构词成分，意思为：总的，泛的，全的，如pan-African

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

Lesley Maynard, (the archaeologist)(who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”) suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art,(in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals)), (followed by a range of complex figurative styles)(that,unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.)(TPO23, 58)

分析：

修饰一：(the archaeologist) ，同位语

中文：考古学家

修饰二：(who coined the phrase“Panaramitee style,”) ，从句，修饰the archaeologist

中文：创造了“Panaramitee style”词组

修饰三：(in which a geometric style gaveway to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals)) ，从句，修饰rock art

中文：从几何图形风格，后来被简单的轮廓风格(人物和动物的轮廓)取代

修饰四：(followed by a range of complex figurative styles) ，非谓语动词

中文：再到后来一系列复杂的轮廓风格

修饰五：(that, unlike the pan-Australiangeometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.) ，从句

中文：不像泛澳的几何的传统，更趋向地区的多样化

参考翻译：