托福阅读陷阱类偷换概念题解题思路实例讲解
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托福阅读陷阱类偷换概念题解题思路实例讲解
托福阅读偷换概念陷阱题实例讲解
托福阅读想要取得高分，我们一定要警惕其中的陷阱题型，比如偷换概念题。下面我们一起来看一道题：
例题：
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思路解析：
推断题(inference question)和事实信息题、否定信息题一样，以“找关键词+定位”为切入点。本题的关键词是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 这句话的意思是：例如，红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。
看懂了这句话的我们立即迫不及待的去搜索选项，却发现这句话的内容是无法与任何选项匹配的。于是，我们意识到，只阅读这句话的信息量是不够的，我们需要关注推断题定位范围的放大现象。关注到本句中有个关键词：for example, 意味着本句是例子，一定和前句的内容相关。所以我们来看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。发现三个选项中关键词climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到对应，并且B，D选项都与这句话所叙述内容相反可以很容易排除。
接下来我们来看C选项：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同学就卡在这里了，他们认为原文说在温带地区，最多物种是在演替过程中，而不是在顶级群落，说明物种多样性和温带地区相关，没有证据表明redwood forest和温带地区相关，于是很多同学在纠结之后选到了A选项： They become lessstable as they mature. 当它们成熟的时候它们变得更不稳定了。这类同学认为Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少，然后想当然的认为物种减少就代表稳定性降低，但是我们仔细读第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。简单来说，本句表达的含义是：稳定性和最大多样性是没有关联的，所以不能选A。
实际上这道题是典型的主题+例证类推理题，例子是来说明主题的，所以例子的特征应该是与主题中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以，同学们一定要警惕片面的追求选项和原文间信息的匹配，忽略了“选项首先对问题负责”这一基本的答题态度，最终导致学生根本无法识别ETS命题组精心编织的偷换概念类的选项特征。
托福阅读材料：十大热门求婚地点
Traditional marriage proposals could soon be consigned to the history books – with almost half of them now happening at home in front of the TV.
传统的求婚方式可能很快就只在历史书里出现了，现在几乎有一半的求婚是在家里看电视的时候完成的。
A study of newlyweds has found modern men are ditching age-old traditional proposal custom in favour of a more lacklustre approach.
一项针对新婚夫妇的调查发现，现代人渐渐地不再遵循传统的求婚习俗，而更倾向于没有惊喜的平凡求婚方式。
The study found only a third of men now go down on one knee to pop the question as their fathers and grandfathers’ generations would have done.
研究发现，只有三分之一的男性现在还会像他们的父辈和祖辈那样单膝下跪求婚。
And the age-old tradition of asking the bride’s father for her hand in marriage is also on the verge of dying out with 63% of recently married males claiming they “didn’t bother”.
而另一项古老的传统——就结婚事宜请求新娘父亲的首肯——也在慢慢消失，有63%的新婚男性说他们不再“这么费事了”。
Even the idea of picking a romantic location to propose has fallen by the wayside, with the typical ‘Will you marry me?’ now most likely to take place at home.
连选一个浪漫求婚地点的想法也乏人问津了。那句经典的“你愿意嫁给我么?”大多是在家里说出来的。
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Only six percent bothered to take their partner abroad on holiday – but the same number of men proposed in the local pub – and 5.5% popped the question in the car.
只有6%的人会花心思把他们的伴侣带到国外度假然后求婚，但是也有6%的男性在当地酒吧就求了婚，还有5.5%在汽车上求婚。
The study also found the average amount of time in a relationship before a proposal is now three years – so British women are taking matters into their own hands in a bid to get a proposal.
研究还发现求婚前平均恋爱时间是三年，所以英国女性们都会自己想办法让他们的伴侣向他们求婚。
Almost a third of women 29% now end up choosing their own ring, rather than letting their partner decide.
约有三分之一(29%)的女性现在连戒指都是自己选，而不是让他们的伴侣选。
The typical bride-to-be will also enlist the help of at least one friend to help speed up a proposal – as well as dropping two major engagement hints to encourage their partner to pop the question.
一般准新娘也会至少让一个朋友帮忙推进求婚的进程，比如抛出两个重要的关于订婚的暗示来鼓动伴侣早些求婚。
Casually asking ‘Who would you want as your best man?’, commenting on celebrities' engagement rings - and jokingly suggesting you apply for the TV show ‘Don't Tell the Bride’ are the most common tactics.
不经意间问他们“你想找谁当伴郎?”，评论一下名人的订婚戒指，还会开玩笑建议你去参加电视节目《新娘不得知》，这些都是最常用的技巧。
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Lorna Haddon, diamond ring and jewellery buyer at Beaverbrooks who commissioned the study of 1,500 newlyweds, commented: "The stresses and strains of modern life mean we don’t always have the time to be as romantic as we would perhaps like to be.
比弗布鲁克公司的钻戒及珠宝买手洛娜?哈顿负责此次针对1500位新婚夫妇的调查。她表示：“现代生活的压力和负担意味着我们不是总有时间像期望中的那么浪漫。”
"Busy lives and hectic schedules mean we have fewer hours in the day for romance – however our study shows women do still want the ‘picture perfect proposal’ – and it's not only picking the perfect engagement ring that counts.
“忙碌的生活和紧张日程表意味着我们一天中没有那么多时间来浪漫，然而我们的研究显示女性仍然希望有一场‘十全十美的求婚’。挑选完美的订婚戒指并不只是唯一重要的环节。”
“The location, atmosphere and little details that mean a lot to them really make a proposal personal and truly special, and as it’s a once in a lifetime occasion it’s well worth making the effort."
“地点、环境和一些小细节对她们来说十分重要，这也能使求婚更具个人特色，也更特别。求婚是人生一次的大事，值得好好花心思准备。”
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Top 10 modern proposal destinations
十大现代求婚地点
1. At home – 49%
1. 家中-49%
2. On a day out – 7%
2. 出门约会-7%
3. On holiday abroad – 6%
3. 出国度假-6%
4. The local pub – 6%
4. 当地酒吧-6%
5. On holiday in the UK – 5%
5. 国内度假-6%
6. In the car – 5.5%
6. 车内-5.5%
7. At a restaurant – 4.5%
7. 餐厅-4.5%
8. In the garden – 2%
8. 花园-2%
9. On the beach – 2%
9. 沙滩-2%
10. In a Hotel – 1%
10. 酒店-1%
托福阅读材料：各国心目中的理想女性身材
From tall and slim to petite and curvy - and everything in between - women across the globe come in all shapes and sizes.
全世界女性的身材各种各样，从高高瘦瘦到娇小玲珑，或在两者之间，总之各不相同。
But now a new debate has been sparked about the 'ideal female shape' on Q&A site Quora.
但最近在问答网站Quora上掀起了一场关于“理想女性体型”的新讨论。
One user asked members to comment on what the perfect body type is - based on which country users were from and what they personally preferred.
有一位用户要求大家依据各自国家的审美观和个人喜好来评论什么才是完美的体型。
According to the responses, here are the ideal types for each country...
根据回复，接下来将为您介绍每个国家的理想体型。
USA 美国
American Ryan reveals: 'In my country, I think the standard image of beauty is probably the same as in many other places; tall, curvy, blonde and blue eyes (though light brown eyes are also really popular), and either fair skin or tanned.'
来自美国的赖安透露：“在我们美国，美人的标准可能和其他很多地方一样：无论肤色白皙还是黝黑，个子要高，身材有曲线，金发碧眼(虽然浅褐色眼睛也很受欢迎)。”
CHINA 中国
Perhaps the most unusual description comes from Nat in China, who says: 'The skinnier the better. A4 challenge is a "thing", iPhone 6 challenge is also a "thing".'
最与众不同的回答可能来自中国的纳特。他说：“越瘦越好。她必须通过A4腰挑战和iPhone6腿挑战。”
The A4 challenge is when women aspire to have a torso the width of an A4 sheet of paper and the iPhone6 challenge sees them seeking legs that are as slim as an iPhone 6.
A4腰挑战中女性希望自己的腰只有一张A4纸(竖着放)那么宽，而在iPhone6腿挑战中她们追求自己的双腿并在一起可以被一部iPhone6手机遮住。
EGYPT 埃及
An Egyptian user named Ahmed notes that historically 'curvy, large breasted women' are deemed to be the most attractive in his country.
一位叫做艾哈迈德的埃及用户说道，在他的国家，他们向来认为“有曲线美、胸部大的女人”是最有魅力的。
BULGARIA 保加利亚
Stanislav, who describes himself as a 'problem solving maniac', believes that the best female body type for most males in his home country is 'tall, tight body, slim and big boobs.'
斯坦尼斯拉夫号称自己是“解决问题狂人”。他认为他们国家大多数男性心中最棒的女性身材应该是“高挑，身材紧致，苗条，有丰满的胸部。”
SWITZERLAND 瑞士
Nadège swoops in for Switzerland and she advises that 'rather thin women, middle-tall, more with brown hair than blonde, fair eyes usually' are deemed the most attractive in her country.
娜德日代表瑞士发表了意见。她说瑞士认为最有魅力的女性应该是“相当苗条，中等高度的。棕色头发而非金发，通常有漂亮的眼睛。”
THE PHILIPPINES 菲律宾
Mona Tauqir, who describes herself as a 'human resource practitioner and psychology enthusiast', says the ideal woman in her neck of the woods has a 'shapely waist and hips' but is 'petite' and has a busty F-cup.
莫娜?陶奇尔称自己是“人力资源从业者，心理学爱好者”。她说她的国家理想的女性身材有以下标准：“细腰翘臀，身材娇小，以及F杯的丰满胸部。”
UK 英国
Alec insists that 'petite, not too skinny, large (but not ridiculous) breasts and shapely curves' are the ideal in the UK. He also says that a height of about 5ft 7in is the ideal in Great Britain.
亚力克坚称“娇小但不过分消瘦，胸部丰满(但不要太夸张)，有美好的曲线”是英国的理想身材。他也说身高最好是5英尺7英寸(约1.7米)。
BANGLADESH 孟加拉国
An anonymous user from Bangladesh says that women must be at least 5ft 2in tall and have dense and black hair, big black eyes and 'non-thin eyebrows'. He also says he rates a sharp nose and a 'moderately curvy physique.'
一位来自孟加拉国的匿名用户说，理想女性必须高五英尺二英寸(约1.58米)，拥有浓密的黑发，大大的黑眼睛，眉毛不能太细。他还说自己喜欢鼻梁挺拔、“身材适当有曲线”的女性。
The user also shed some light on what type of personality he thinks men from his country deem attractive, revealing: 'modest and courtly personality and lifestyle is ideal'.
他也描述了孟加拉国人心目中的魅力性格：“谦逊典雅的性格和生活方式是最理想的。”
FRANCE 法国
Another anonymous user said the French ideal is a 'mix of fashion model standard beauty with a girl-next-door kind of vibe', adding that they can 'even be tomboy'.
另一位匿名用户说法国人的理想型是“带着邻家女孩气质同时又有时装模特身材的美人。”他又补充说她们也可以是“假小子型的”。
The user concluded: 'Big boobs are overrated, small t.s for the win.'
他总结道：“丰满的胸部不再那么重要，小胸女反而更受欢迎。”
Vocabulary
petite: 娇小的
courtly: 典雅的，文雅的
托福阅读陷阱类偷换概念题解题思路实例讲解相关文章：
托福阅读陷阱类偷换概念题解题思路实例讲解
