托福阅读30分满分学习经验

托福阅读30分满分学习经验分享 ,会看文章才能读得更快做得更顺。今天小编就给大家带来托福阅读30分满分学习经验分享,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读30分满分学习经验分享 学会看文章才能读得更快做得更顺

托福阅读满分需要从文章入手

很多人备考托福阅读，更多时候都把精力放在阅读题型和解题技巧上，而对文章只是当成一个获取必要信息的源头，这其实是有偏颇的。考生如何读好文章，怎样看懂文章，这其中有许多窍门需要大家在备考中掌握学习。

1. 读文章顺序

首先是阅读文章的顺序，因为传统的阅读解题习惯，很多同学都会选择先看完全文再做题的做法。但这种做法在托福阅读中其实不太行得通。原因很简单，托福阅读文章的篇幅相对其考试时间限制来说其实是有点超标的，只有少数阅读速度极快理解能力过人短期记忆优秀的考生能够确保读完文章再做题并保证时间和解题正确率。对大部分考生来说，目前阅读部分的考试时间并不足以支持大家用这种传统方式来做题。真正适合考生的做法是直接边读文章边看题目。而托福阅读考试本身的流程设计也比较支持这种做法，题目考到那一段文章就会自动拉到哪里，如果是涉及到原文的关键内容还会有明显的标黑，这对于边读文章边做题的顺序来说都是非常方便有利的。

2. 了解文章结构

即使是按照边读文章边做题目的方式，也有很多同学觉得时间紧张。这是因为大家对文章内容读得太细所致。正确的阅读托福文章的顺序应该是先看文章每个段落的首句，因为按照老外的写作习惯段落第一句基本上都是主题句中心句，之后的部分则是对中心主题的展开。而考生比较头疼的长难句往往都集中在段落中心句之后的部分里，所以如果单从理解文章大意的角度来说，直接看完中心句就已经足够了。这种做法也能减少读长难句造成的时间消耗，提升考生的阅读解题速度。

3. 避免过度提速

有些时候为了避免阅读时间不够用，部分考生可能会下意识地强迫自己提升阅读速度，而这种强行加速的做法会带来比较严重的后遗症，那就是虽然看过了，但因为阅读不完全没有彻底理解消化，导致考生对文章内容没有足够深刻的印象，也就是看完以后根本没记住到底文章说了什么。想要避免这种情况，除了保持相对稳定的阅读速度外，另一种方法是在读完每一段文章内容之后，不要立即开始看一段内容，而是先暂停一下现在脑海里对刚才读过的内容做一个简单的总结归纳，比如这段主要讲了什么，有哪些例子论据，包含了什么关键词等等。通过这种好似喝完一口红酒以后品一下味道的做法，考生对文章的印象才会真正保留下来，帮助大家加深对文章的理解，更为顺利地解题。

托福阅读背景知识汇总之汉谟拉比法典

The code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, and today we can study this remarkable King....as a wise law-giver in his celebrated code . . .

by far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days regarded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are chiefly cursing of whoever shall neglect or destroy the law.

Yet even with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylonian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather than the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we have found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code clearly implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal system long established.

托福阅读背景知识汇总之植物适应沙漠

Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)

Cactus adaptations.

The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.

As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.

If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.

Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.

If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.

The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.

The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.

Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.

Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.

As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.

Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).

The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.

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