往年托福考试真题
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往年托福考试真题
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学科分类：Economy
题目：England’sEconomyinsixteenthcentury
文章原题：
England’sEconomyinsixteenthcentury
InthelasthalfofthesixteenthcenturyEnglandemergedasacommercialandmanufacturingpowerinEuropeduetoacombinationofdemographic，agriculturalandindustrialfactors.ThepopulationofEnglandandWalesgrewrapidlyfromabout2.5millioninthe1520stomorethan3.5millionin1580，reachingabout4.5millionin1610.Reducedmortalityratesandincreasedfertility，thelatterprobablygeneratedbyexpandingworkopportunitiesinmanufacturingandfarming(leadingtoearliermarriageandmorechildren)，explainedthisrapidriseinpopulation.Whileepidemicsandplagueoccasionallytooktheirtoll，thepeopleinEnglandstillsufferedlessthandidthoseincontinentalEurope.Furthermore，thecountryhadbeenpulledoutofthewarthatoccurredinFranceandcentralEuropeduringthesameperiod.EnglandprovidestheprominentexampleoftheexpansionofagriculturalproductionwellbeforethegeneralEuropeanagriculturalrevolutionoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.Alargerpopulationstimulatedtheincreasedwoollenthroughcropcivilization.Englishagriculturebecamemoreefficientandmarket-orientedthanalmostanywhereelseonthecontinent.Between1450and1640theyieldofgrainperacreincreasedbyatleastthirtypercent.InsharpcontrastwithfarminginSpain，Englishlandownersbroughtmoredensemarshesandwoodlandsintocultivation.
ThegreatlandestatesoftheEnglishsocietylargelyremainedintactandmanywealthylandownersaggressivelyincreasedthesizeoftheirholdings，apreconditionforincreasedproductivity.Marriagesbetweenthechildrenoflandownersalsoincreasedthesizeoflandestates.Primogeniture(thefullinheritanceoflandbytheeldestson)helpedpreventlandfrombeingsubdivided.Youngersonsofindependentlandownersleftthefamilyandwenttofindotherrespectivelocations.Largerfarmscontributedmoretocommercializedfarmingatthetimewhenanexpandingpopulationpushedupdemandandprices.Farmlandownersturnedpartoftheirlandintopasturelandforsheepinordertoadapttodevelopingwoollentrade.
SomeofthegreatlandownersaswellasYeomen(farmerswhoseholdingsandsecurityoflandtenureguaranteedtheirprosperityandstatus)，organizedtheirholdingsintheinterestefficiency.ManyfarmersselectedcropsforsalesingrowingLondonmarket.Intheirquestforgreaterprofits，manylandownersputtheirsqueezeontheirtenants.Between1580and1620landlordsraisedrentsandalteredconditionsoflandtenureintheirfavor，preferringshorterphasesandforcingtenantstopayanentryfeebeforeagreeingtorentthemland.Landlordsevictedthosewhocouldnotaffordannual，moreonerousterms.Buttheyalsopushedtenantstowardmoreproductivefarmingmethods，includingcroprotation.England'sexceptionaleconomicdevelopmentalsodrewthecountry'snaturalresources，includingiron，timber，andcoal，extractedinfargreaterquantitythanelsewhereinthecontinent.NewindustrialdevelopmentexpandedtheproductionofironandpewterinandaroundthecityofBirmingham.
ButabovealltextilemanufacturingtransformedEnglisheconomy.Woolens，whichaccountedforeightypercentoftheexports，worsteds(sturdyyarnspunfromcombedwoolfibers)，andotherclothfoundeagerbuyersinEnglandaswellasinthecontinent.Moreover，lateinthesixteenthcenturyasEnglishmerchantsbeganmakingforaysacrosstheAtlanticthesetextileswerealsosoldintheAmericas.Clothmanufacturersundercutproductionbyurbancraftspeopleby"puttingout"worktothevillagesandfarmsofthecountryside.Insuchdomesticindustrypoorruralwomencouldspinandmakecading(combingfibersinpreparationforspin)intheirhomes.
TheEnglishtextiletradewascloselytiedtoAntwerp，intheSpanishNetherlands，whereworkersdyedEnglishcloth.TheentrepreneurSirThomasGreshambecameEngland'srepresentativethere.HesoenhancedthereputationofEnglishbusinessinthatregionthatEnglishmerchantscouldoperateoncredit---themostprominentachievementforsixteenthcentury.HealsoadvisedthegovernmenttoexploretheeconomicpossibilitiesofAmericas，whichledtothefirstconcertedeffortsatcolonization，undertakenwithcommercialprofitsinmind.
Paragraph1
InthelasthalfofthesixteenthcenturyEnglandemergedasacommercialandmanufacturingpowerinEuropeduetoacombinationofdemographic，agriculturalandindustrialfactors.ThepopulationofEnglandandWalesgrewrapidlyfromabout2.5millioninthe1520stomorethan3.5millionin1580，reachingabout4.5millionin1610.Reducedmortalityratesandincreasedfertility，thelatterprobablygeneratedbyexpandingworkopportunitiesinmanufacturingandfarming(leadingtoearliermarriageandmorechildren)，explainedthisrapidriseinpopulation.Whileepidemicsandplagueoccasionallytooktheirtoll，thepeopleinEnglandstillsufferedlessthandidthoseincontinentalEurope.Furthermore，thecountryhadbeenpulledoutofthewarthatoccurredinFranceandcentralEuropeduringthesameperiod.
1.Theword"generated"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
¡Produced
¡Strengthened
¡followed
¡dominated
2.Theword"furthermore"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
¡however
¡inaddition
¡similarly
¡ingeneral
3.AllofthefollowingarementionedinParagraph1asdevelopmentsthatledtoEngland'semergenceasacommercialandmanufacturingpowerEXCEPT
¡rapidpopulationgrowth
¡anincreaseinthenumberofjobs
¡atrendtowardearliermarriages
¡anendtoepidemicsandaplague
Paragraph2
EnglandprovidestheprominentexampleoftheexpansionofagriculturalproductionwellbeforethegeneralEuropeanagriculturalrevolutionoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.Alargerpopulationstimulatedtheincreasedwoollenthroughcropcivilization.Englishagriculturebecamemoreefficientandmarket-orientedthanalmostanywhereelseonthecontinent.Between1450and1640theyieldofgrainperacreincreasedbyatleastthirtypercent.InsharpcontrastwithfarminginSpain，Englishlandownersbroughtmoredensemarshesandwoodlandsintocultivation.
4.Whydoestheauthormentionthat“Englishlandownersbroughtmoredensemarshesandwoodlandsintocultivation”?
¡TogiveanexampleofawayinwhichtheEnglishincreasedagriculturalproduction
¡ToemphasizetheinfluenceofEnglishagricultureontheagricultureofotherEuropeancountries
¡ToemphasizethatSpanishagricultureneededtoimprovetheirfarmingmethods
¡Todiscussanintendedconsequenceofcropspecialization
Paragraph3
ThegreatlandestatesoftheEnglishsocietylargelyremainedintactandmanywealthylandownersaggressivelyincreasedthesizeoftheirholdings，apreconditionforincreasedproductivity.Marriagesbetweenthechildrenoflandownersalsoincreasedthesizeoflandestates.Primogeniture(thefullinheritanceoflandbytheeldestson)helpedpreventlandfrombeingsubdivided.Youngersonsofindependentlandownersleftthefamilyandwenttofindotherrespectivelocations.Largerfarmswereconducivemoretocommercializedfarmingatthetimewhenanexpandingpopulationpushedupdemandandprices.Farmlandownersturnedpartoftheirlandintopasturelandforsheepinordertoadapttodevelopingwoollentrade.
5.Thephrase"conduciveto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
¡aresultof
¡favorableto
¡ableto
¡expandedto
6.Accordingtoparagraph3whydidwealthylandownersincreasethesizeofthelandtheyowned?
¡Toavoidthenecessityofarrangedmarriagesbetweentheirchildrenandthechildrenofotherlandowners
¡Toensurethattherewereenoughlandtodividebetweentheirolderandyoungersons
¡Toincreasethenumberofgoodsthattheirfarmsproduced
¡Toprovidemorejobsformembersofthecolony
7.Whydoestheauthormentionthatfarmlandownersturnedpartoftheirlandintopasturelandforsheep?
¡Toexplainwhytheyoungersonsoflandownershadtoleavethefamilylandandfindotherjobs
¡Toprovideanexampleofawayinwhichlargefarmswereeagertoimprovetheirbusiness
¡Toexplainhowthepracticeofprimogenitureworked
¡Todescribeastrategylandownersusedtogivetheirlandsfrombeingsubdivided.
Paragraph4
SomeofthegreatlandownersaswellasYeomen(farmerswhoseholdingsandsecurityoflandtenureguaranteedtheirprosperityandstatus)，organizedtheirholdingsintheinterestefficiency.ManyfarmersselectedcropsforsalesingrowingLondonmarket.Intheirquestforgreaterprofits，manylandownersputtheirsqueezeontheirtenants.Between1580and1620landlordsraisedrentsandalteredconditionsoflandtenureintheirfavor，preferringshorterphasesandforcingtenantstopayanentryfeebeforeagreeingtorentthemland.Landlordsevictedthosewhocouldnotaffordannual，moreonerousterms.Buttheyalsopushedtenantstowardmoreproductivefarmingmethods，includingcroprotation.
8.Theword"quest"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
¡organization
¡exchange
¡search
¡argument
9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph4asawaythatEnglishlandlordstriedtoincreasetheefficiencyoftheirfarms?
¡encouragingtheuseofmethodsascroprotation
¡selectingcropsonthebasisofdemandintheLondonmarket
¡increasingrentsandreducingthelengthofphases
¡hiringYeomentoworkontheirfarmsinsteadofrelyingontenants
Paragraph5
England'sexceptionaleconomicdevelopmentalsodrewthecountry'snaturalresources，includingiron，timber，andcoal，extractedinfargreaterquantitythanelsewhereinthecontinent.NewindustrialdevelopmentexpandedtheproductionofironandpewterinandaroundthecityofBirmingham.
10.Theword"exceptional"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
¡predictable
¡initial
¡extraordinary
¡complex
Paragraph6
ButabovealltextilemanufacturingtransformedEnglisheconomy.Woolens，whichaccountedforeightypercentoftheexports，worsteds(sturdyyarnspunfromcombedwoolfibers)，andotherclothfoundeagerbuyersinEnglandaswellasinthecontinent.Moreover，lateinthesixteenthcenturyasEnglishmerchantsbeganmakingforaysacrosstheAtlanticthesetextileswerealsosoldintheAmericas.Clothmanufacturersundercutproductionbyurbancraftspeopleby"puttingout"worktothevillagesandfarmsofthecountryside.Insuchdomesticindustrypoorruralwomencouldspinandmakecading(combingfibersinpreparationforspin)intheirhomes.
11.SelectTWOanswerchoicesthataccordingtoparagraph6indicatechangesthatoccurredintheEnglisheconomy.
Toreceivecredityoumustselecttwoanswerchoices.
¡Thetextiletradeproductsbecamemoreprofitablethanmanufacturingthem.
¡Localsalesoftextileproductsincreasedbyeightypercent.
¡EnglishtextilemerchantsexpandedtheirmarketsinsideandoutsideEngland.
¡PartofEnglishclothmanufacturingmovedtoruralareas.
Paragraph7
TheEnglishtextiletradewascloselydyedtoAntwerp，intheSpanishNetherlands，whereworkersdiedEnglishcloth.TheentrepreneurSirThomasGreshambecameEngland'srepresentativethere.HesoenhancedthereputationofEnglishbusinessinthatregionthatEnglishmerchantscouldoperateoncredit---themostprominentachievementforsixteenthcentury.HealsoadvisedthegovernmenttoexploretheeconomicpossibilitiesofAmericas，whichledtothefirstconcertedeffortsatcolonization，undertakenwithcommercialprofitsinmind.
12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmerchantsduringthesixteenthcenturycanbeinferredfromtheinformationinparagraph7?
¡MostmerchantactivityatthistimewascontrolledbySpain.
¡Thetextilemarketwaslessprofitableformerchantsthanwereotherareasoftrade.
¡MerchantsfromdifferentcountriesinEuroperarelyoperatedinthesameregions.
¡DuringthisperiodmostEuropeanmerchantsdidnotoperateoncredit.
13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.
InadditiontothisachievementinAntwerp，GreshamconvincedthegovernmentathomeinEnglandtoauthorizeactionsthatwouldmaketradingintherestofEuropeevenmoreprofitableforEnglishmerchants.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
14.Directions：Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
InthelasthalfofsixteenthcenturyEnglandemergedasacommercialandmanufacturingpowerinEurope.
AnswerChoices
1.ItissomewhatsurprisingthatEnglandwasabletoexpanditseconomyduringthesixteenthcenturybecauseitsneighborswereinvolvedinmanywarsduringthisperiod.
2.InordertomakemoremoneyEnglandnoblesacquiredmoreland，pushedformoreefficientfarmingmethods，andintroducednewlandtenureconditions.
3.TwoEngland'seconomicstrengthsareitsuseofnaturalresources，anditstextilemanufacturing，whichfoundincreasedmarketsathomeaswellinEuropeandintheAmericas.
4.EnglandexperiencedanagriculturalrevolutionmuchearlierthantherestofEuropeandagriculturebecamemoreefficientandmarket-oriented.
5.Manyofthechangesthatlandownersmadetolandrentingrulesnotonlymadetheirlandsmoreprofitablebutalsomadealifefortheirpeasants.
6.ThoughhewasasuccessfulambassadortotheSpanishNetherlands，ThomasGreshamwasunabletoconvincetheEnglishgovernmenttostartcoloniesinAmerica.
答案：A、B、D、A、B、C、B、C、D、C、CD、D、C、BCD
往年托福考试真题
学科分类：Biology
题目：蝴蝶翅膀的作用
内容回忆：
蝴蝶的翅膀可以用来帮助它们躲避捕食者的捕猎。主要有三种形式：伪装色，警告色以及恐吓色。
第一段引出了蝴蝶翅膀的纹路有三种形式来影响捕食者，特别是通过视觉来捕猎的动物。
第二段详细介绍了伪装色的作用，举例说明了蝴蝶翅膀会伪装成周围树林、水流等颜色。
第三段详细介绍了警告色的使用，有些蝴蝶翅膀的样式会告诉捕食者自己的不可食用性。
第四段详细介绍了恐吓色的作用，大多以眼睛的样式展现，告诉捕食者该物种的体型等，产生错觉。
第五段进一步阐述了恐吓色的应用。
词汇题：
1.virtually=almostcompletely
2.startled=surprised
3.disrupt=disturb
4.rudimentary=simple
往年托福考试真题
学科分类：Biology
题目：松树和火灾防御
内容回忆：
一种松树会自动脱落靠地面比较近的树枝。因为这些树的树叶中饱含着树枝resin，在火灾爆发时，火很容易从地面通过这些靠近地面的树枝，顺着燃烧，引燃整棵树。所以为了避免这种情况，树木会自动脱落靠近地面的树枝。
在森林火灾发生之后，这种树比起其它树也能更快地从火灾中恢复过来。这种树在树龄很小的时候就可以开始繁殖，而在火灾后的一段时间里，会不断的繁殖。因为不知道下一场火灾什么时候会发生。
这种松树的树皮也也能帮助规避火灾带来的伤害，因为树皮很松，火一烧树皮就会自动脱落，这样火就不能顺着树皮往上燃烧。
这种树的种子非常的坚硬，只有红松鼠会以它的种子为食，但是红松鼠也不是特别喜欢吃，因为太坚硬了。种子能够忍受很高的温度，并能够长时间地保存，在适宜的时候发芽。
往年托福考试真题
写作
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement：Thebestwayforateachertohelpstudentsinterestedinasubjectistoexplainthatsubjectwillhelpthemoutsideschool.
题型：best绝对词题
思路：双边论证，先承认合理性，再反驳绝对性(找缺点，找替代)
思路展开：
1.承认合理性：通过给学生解释课上的知识对课外有帮助这一点，有一些好处，比如可以让学生更加了解这个学科，也可以让他们更加感兴趣，吸引学生。
2.反驳绝对性-找缺点：占用课堂时间讲解outsideschool的内容，可能会引起部分学生(尤其是学霸)的不满，反而使他们厌烦这个学科。
反驳绝对性-找替代：一个可以更加帮助学生对一个学科感兴趣的方法就是告诉学生们学习相关内容可以马上用到自己身上(immediateandpersonal)。比如，我曾经选修过宗教学，了解过佛教的belief之后，变得清心寡欲(detachmyselffromalifefocusedonmaterialgain)，也就是学到的东西很快就对自己有好处，所以自己对宗教更加感兴趣，后来去哈佛神学院深造。
往年托福考试真题
听力
Conversation1
话题分类：学生和教授
内容回忆：学生来找社会学老师，说自己做图书馆volunteer，图书大甩卖。老师说这个跟你的assignment有什么关系呢?学生说自己可以在volunteer的过程中观察他人。然后他们就开始聊assignment，老师说其实人与人的interaction可以分成两种，一种叫unfocusedinteraction，比如点点头，微笑，没有直接的交流。一种是focusedinteraction，比如两个人开始讲话。后来围绕这个探讨。
Conversation2
话题分类：兼职和选课
内容回忆：学生来找老师，说自己最近活动超级多，参加学生orientation了解到许多，比如还可以有兼职。老师说很好，然后他们聊到选课的问题，学生纠结不知道该选什么课，对animals很感兴趣但是又不想选这个基础课。老师说有一个biology103不错，学生说这个生物课有实验课吗?然后讨论选课。
Lecture1
学科分类：Arthistory
标题：studioart
内容回忆：讲一种叫pleinair的艺术模式，这个pleinair是法语表示openair的意思，就是主张艺术应该走到外面去，走到大自然去。然后举例，莫奈，说莫奈的很多作品，光线，风格场景都是pleinair.接着又开始聊这种风格的演变。
Lecture2
学科分类：Astronomy
标题：supernova
supernova，讲的是太空中的天文现象supernova，以及它的形成。Supernova指的是超新星，超新星爆发是一些恒星在演化接近末期时经历的一种剧烈爆炸。然后提到这个supernova和stellar的比较，接着提到它们的亮度。最后又提到stellarwind的作用。
Lecture3
学科分类：Biology
标题：decompose分解
内容回忆：讲的是decompose分解，说一些食物残渣或者垃圾，可以分解成营养物质渗入土壤。然后也有一些缺氧的环境情况，如果缺氧会容易产生甲烷methane，甲烷这种气体可以对人类有用。
Lecture4
学科分类：Sociology
标题：cityplanning
内容回忆：cityplanning，讲种树对社区社会的好处。学生说可以有阴凉，老师说对，补充说还可以蓄水防止洪灾。学生说对心理也有帮助，看见绿色植物心情好，工作有效率，老师说很好，后来又提到树木有经济价值。
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往年托福考试真题
