往年托福阅读听力真题
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对于托福的阅读理解题，题库扩充，新增了托业，即现场抽题有可能是传统老托福样式、听力单句样式、托业混搭样式，建议大家题型都能系统复习。下面就是小编给大家带来的托福阅读真题，希望能帮助到大家!
托福阅读真题原题
The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.
临床营养学的历史,或研究之间的关系健康与身体如何接受和利用食品物质,可分为四个不同的时期:第一次开始于19世纪,延续到二十世纪初的时候首次承认,食品中成分,是人类必不可少的功能,不同的食物提供不同数量的这些基本代理。在这个时代接近尾声的时候，研究表明，体重的快速下降与氮失衡有关，只有通过提供与某些食物相关的足够的膳食蛋白质才能得到纠正。
The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called "the vitamin period." Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.
第二个时代开始于20世纪的前几十年，可以称为“维生素期”。维生素开始在食物中被认识，并被描述为缺乏症。随着维生素被认为是健康所必需的食物成分，人们开始提出以前没有有效治疗方法的每一种疾病和状况都可能对维生素疗法有反应的观点。在那个时候，医学院开始对将营养概念融入基础科学的课程更加感兴趣。教育的主要重点是对维生素缺乏症状的认识。这就是营养疗法在医学中的价值从无知到否认的开端。有些人轻率地宣称维生素的效果远远超出了实际使用维生素所能达到的效果。
In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960's, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of under nutrition that lead to chronic health problems.
在营养史上的第三个时代，即1950年代早期到1960年代中期，维生素疗法开始声名狼藉。与此同时，营养教育在医学院也变得不那么受欢迎。在此之前的10年，许多制药公司发现他们的维生素销量飙升，并迅速向执业医生提供大量的维生素样本和文献，颂扬补充维生素对各种健康相关疾病的好处。对于维生素在疾病控制方面的成功的期望被夸大了。回顾过去，我们知道，维生素和矿物质疗法在治疗健康危机时的效果远不如用于治疗导致慢性健康问题的长期营养不良问题时的效果。
23.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body
(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present
(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study
(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century
24. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition?
(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.
(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.
(C)Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.
(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.
25.The word "tempting" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) attractive
(C) realistic
(D) correct
26. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to
(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition
(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease
(C)convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients
(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins
27. The word "Reckless" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) recorded
(B) irresponsible
(C) informative
(D) urgent
28. The word 'them" in line 21 refers to
(A) therapies
(B) claims
(C) effects
(D) vitamins
29. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's
(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.
(B)Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.
(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality
(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.
30.The phrase "concomitant with" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) in conjunction with
(B) prior to
(C) in dispute with
(D) in regard to
托福听力真题原题
One of the most popular myths about the United States in the 19th Century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families' needed. They might sometimes trade with their neighbors, but in general they could get along just fine by relying on themselves, not on commercial ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farmer at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this may have been close to the truth especially on the frontier. But by the mid century sweeping changes in agriculture were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century revolutionary advances in farm machinery has vastly increased production of specialized crops and extensive network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to markets in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, farmers could afford more and finer goods and achieve a much higher standard of living but at a price. Now farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and their own effort, their lives were increasingly controlled by banks, which had powder to grant or deny loans for new machinery, and by the railroads which set the rates for shipping their crops to market. As businessmen, farmers now had to worry about national economic depressions and the influence of world supply and demand on, for example, the price of wheat in Kansas. And so by the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independent farmer had come to a close.
关于19世纪美国农民自由简单的生活，是最流行的神话之一。据说农民们在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，生产他们家庭需要的任何东西。他们有时可能会与邻国进行贸易，但总的来说，他们可以依靠自己，而不是与他人的商业关系相处得很好。19世纪初，托马斯·杰斐逊就是这样把农民理想化的。在当时，这可能已经接近事实了尤其是在边境地区。但是到本世纪中叶，农业发生了翻天覆地的变化，农民开始专门种植棉花、玉米或小麦等农作物。到本世纪末，农业机械的革命性进步极大地增加了专门作物的产量，而广泛的铁路网络将全国各地的农民与东部甚至海外的市场联系起来。通过种植和销售专门的作物，农民可以负担得起更多和更好的商品，并达到更高的生活水平，但价格不菲。现在农民们不再只依赖天气和自己的努力，他们的生活越来越多地由银行控制，银行有能力发放或拒绝贷款购买新机器，以及由铁路决定将作物运往市场的价格。作为商人，农民现在不得不担心国家经济衰退以及世界供求对堪萨斯小麦价格的影响。因此，到19世纪末，杰斐逊的独立农民时代结束了。
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the talk in class about United States history.
16. What is the main topic of the talk?
17. According to the professor, what was the major change in agriculture during the 19th century?
18. According to the professor, what was one result of the increased use of machinery on farms in the United States?
19. According to the professor, why was world market important for the United States agriculture?
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