托福阅读语法现象解读之5大类后置定语讲解

托福阅读文章中包含着大量各式各样的语法结构现象，对语法基础不好的同学来说是不小的挑战。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读语法现象解读 ，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读语法现象解读 5大类后置定语讲解

什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?

后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。

托福阅读后置定语第1类

形容词做后置定语。如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。

托福阅读后置定语第2类

介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。

托福阅读后置定语第3类

现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。

托福阅读后置定语第4类

过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。

托福阅读后置定语第5类

不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。

托福TPO26阅读模拟试题及答案

Energy and the Industrial Revolution

PARAGRAPH 1

For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

PARAGRAPH 2

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

PARAGRAPH 3

The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.

PARAGRAPH 4

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

PARAGRAPH 1

For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"?

To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century f

To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain

To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel

To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century

2、What was "the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?

Water and wind could not be used efficiently.

There was no efficient way to power machinery.

Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.

Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.

PARAGRAPH 2

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt's steam engine?

The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain

Increased mechanization

More possibilities for mill location

Smaller mills

4、The phrase "apparent in" in the passage is closest in meaning to

clearly seen in

aid in

associated with

followed By

5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?

Raw cotton

Cotton cloth

Steam-powered pumps

Coal

6、The word "consequent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

resulting

encouraging

well documented

immediate

7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?

It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.

It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.

It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.

It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.

PARAGRAPH 3

The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.

8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?

It helped make wood into charcoal.

It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.

It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.

It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.

9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during t|| 1800s EXCEPT:

Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.

By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.

Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.

Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.

PARAGRAPH 4

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

10、The word "initiated" in the passage is closest in meaning to

anticipated

accelerated

spread

started

11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?

Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.

It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.

It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.

It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.

12、The phrase "accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

in need of

used to

tired of

encouraged by

13、Look at the four squares [■] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added to the passage

The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.

14、 Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.

Answer Choices

A. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.

B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.

D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.

E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.