雅思阅读技巧之掌握逻辑学会策略

掌握逻辑学会策略 ,雅思阅读才能飞一般的感觉。今天小编给大家带来了阅读掌握逻辑学会策略,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧

掌握逻辑学会策略 雅思阅读才能飞一般的感觉

在《剑桥雅思》的前言中，关于阅读有这样一段话: “The passages are on topics of general interest. At  least one text contains detailed logical argument.”  据笔者观察，所有雅思文章都可以分为两大类：介绍性的学术说明文和论辩性的学术论文。说明文只是对一个既定的事实进行客观介绍和陈述，不包含argument，教科书就属于这一类;而学术论文通常针对一个悬而未决的问题，进行论证，继而提出解决方案，其过程就是提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。在雅思考试中，这类文章分为两种：实验论证和逻辑论证。

(一)介绍类学术说明文的结构

要判断文章类别，一般看标题就可以了。介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍，所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。具体结构如下：

-Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.

-Detailed Description:

Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic Development

-Look into the future/Summary

无论什么文章，起始段总是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。

在介绍类说明文中，中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述，各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。第一类时间顺序，通常用于陈述一个历史事件，例如剑五中的“Johnson’s  Dictionary”就是这一类。第二类并列或递进，从各个侧面来介绍，例如剑四中的“What Do Whales  feel?”，一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的，属于并列结构。第三类是逻辑顺序，据笔者统计，环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序，下文对此会作详细评述，这里不再赘言。

(二)论证类文章的结构

(1)实验类文章

-Introduce experiment

-Pre-experiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)

-Experiment Process

-Result (Collecting Data)

-Analyses and Syntheses

在雅思阅读中，实验类文章结构最为固定。笔者分析了“剑四”和“剑五”中所有实验类文章，发现其结构无一不遵循以上套路，这是因为实验报告的形式本来就单调。首段总是说明实验的缘起以及实验没目的，然后介绍实验前的准备工作包括器具，实验主体等，接着进入实验进程的描述，而后公布实验结果，最后综合数据得出结论。无论实验做什么，这个基本顺序是不会改变的。

2)逻辑论证类结构

-Introduce the topic/problem

-Literature Review (Optional)

-Present Causes/Reasons (optional)

-Writer’s Approach

-Supporting Evidences

-Conclusions

这类文章从结构上讲更接近于论文。起始段导出议题，第二部分对议题进行文献综述，介绍已有的观点或探讨引发问题的原因，第三部分引入作者的判断以及相关分论点或论据，最后是结论。在雅思考试是中这类文章通常是比较难的。

当你对雅思阅读文章的结构有了以上了解，那么剩下的就是做题中的实战策略，等达到庖丁解牛般的熟稔之后，便可以在考场上即便遇到陌生的题目也可以做到游刃有余。请看雅思阅读的2大主要策略问题。

1. 先读文章还是先看题目?

笔者在备考雅思的时候，常常难以在阅读文章和题目之间找到平衡。读完文章再做题目，时间不够;看完题目再读文章，读后脑袋还是空白一片。而尝试过这两种方法，正确率似乎也并没有明显提高。其实想通读文章再做题的想法是不现实的，近千字的文章有太多的细枝末节，读完很难留下印象，而即便是有，也很难确定对应的原文位置。而看完题目再读文章，每篇文章有13-14个题目，想记住每个题目也是不可能的事，何况又是在考场正手忙脚乱的时候，如果遇到自己不熟悉的文章类型，恐怕只能对天长叹。

最有效的方法是，先细读文章题目和第一段，对整体内容和主题做出预判，然后看后面问题。而问题只需要先看一个类型的题目，一般为4-5道题，然后根据问题的关键词回归原文，根据定位句及其前后位置的语句来回答问题。值得注意的是，雅思阅读题目基本都是按照信息在原文段落出现的顺序依次来设定的，当然这不包括“原文哪个段落提到了以下句子”这类题型。每篇文章都有主题，有作者的情感倾向，题目和文章第一段起着提纲挈领的作用，而每一段的段首句会是段落的概括。如果发现文章或者段落重复出现某些词汇，就要注意，这些词往往是文章的中心词。而通过一些程度副词、转折词的运用，又是在潜移默化的暗示作者的态度。如果弄错作者的写作意图，那么很可能这篇文章的题目回答会南辕北辙。

2. 主观题跟客观题的应对策略是相同的吗?

答案是否定的。主观题泛指所有非选择类型的题目，这类问题一般定位原文后，直接填写所缺词汇或句子即可。但要注意字数限制，常常在题目要求上都会黑体加粗，例如no  more than 3  words，并且有可能句子会瘦身，这时候就要先确定所需词汇的词性，如果是介词短语，常常只留下中心词，也就是介词后面的那个词。而客观题，正确选项一般都是对原文的改写、同义句或者是内容概括，所以很多考生会在跟原文重合更多的选项中犹豫不决。转述的句子会包含单词的同义替换，但是不能改变原文的语气和程度，不过也不必用对待GMAT逻辑和语法部分的谨慎态度来细细挖掘同义句的每个部分是否合理，虽然可能做不到100%的精准，但是至少语义和作者态度倾向方面是符合原文，这样的选项都是可以的。如果在这期间有不确定的题目，不必纠结太多时间，暂时先搁置一边，做下面的题目，在阅读了更多段落之后，往往会自然而然的得到前面空着的题目答案。尤其是在长文章中常常出现的态度反转，可能会导致前面做过的某些题目出现错误，这时一定要即使更改，毕竟逐题作答之后，会留有较深的印象。

看似繁文缛节的技巧，总结做雅思阅读的方法，其实不过只有四个步骤：

vertical-align:top;border-bottom:red 1.25pt  solid;padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-left:0px;margin:0px;border-left:red  1.25pt solid;padding-right:0px;background-color:white;" bgcolor="white"  height="311" width="591">1.明确主题。从文章题目、第一段内容、插图等获取信息;2.浏览问题。阅读题干，画关键词，如时间、地点、人名、地名、数字和特有名词等，做到有目的的阅读;3.边读边答。根据问题定位原文，按段落扫读，阅读与做题同步，精读每一段落的段首和段尾;4.完善答案。在对全文内容有了详细理解之后，看主旨题等是否需要进一步考虑，确认所有答案已经誊写在答题纸上。    

雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习

A.

When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January  2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in  America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One  exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the  group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was  to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where  anti-globalisers’favourite enemy operates.

B.

So far Mr Hennequin is doing well.Last year European sales increased by  5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%，the best annual results in nearly 15  years.Europe accounted for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its  sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu  offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game  of Monopoly.

C

Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s  operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his  6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting  workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being  American.Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to  address these concerns.

D.

He introduced“open door”visitor days in each country which became hugely  popular.In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the  visitors’programme last year.The Nutrition Information Initiative，launched last  year，put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on  calories，protein，fat，carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed  on tray-liners.

E.

Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that“McJobs”，the low-paid menial jobs  at McDonald’s restaurants，are much better than people think.But some of his  efforts have backfired：last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction  of a“McPassport”that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the  European Union.Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from  eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the  continent.

F.

To stay in touch with local needs and preferences，McDonald’s employs local  bosses as much as possible.A Russian is running McDonald’s in Russia，though a  Serb is in charge of Germany.The group buys mainly from local  suppliers.Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers，for  example.(Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the  late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was，in fact，buying their produce.)And  it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum，a German model，as local brand  ambassadors.

G.

In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a“design studio”in France to  spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local  tastes.The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe.He also  set up a“food studio”，where cooks devise new recipes in response to local  trends.

H.

Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe，it  seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman，using  ideas cooked up in the French market.But France is in fact the company’s most  profitable market after America.The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe  is not France，but Britain.

I.

“Fixing Britain should be his priority，”says David Palmer，a restaurant  analyst at UBS.Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain  are company-owned，compared with 40%in Europe and 15%in America.The company  suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants，but can rely on  steady income from franchisees.So it should sell as many underperforming outlets  as possible，says Mr Palmer.

J.

M.Mark Wiltamuth，an analyst at Morgan Stanley，estimates that European  company-owned restaurants’margins will increase slightly to 16.4%in 2007.This is  still less than in the late 1990s and below America’s 18-19%today.But it is much  better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign.He is already being tipped as the first  European candidate for the group’s top job in Illinois.Nobody would call that a  McJob.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading  Passage 1?

Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1.McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except  France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.

2.Starting from last year，detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and  detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.

3.France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe，but the ideas  of the“open door”visiting days and“McPassport”are invented in the French  market.

4.Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and  approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.

5.According to David Palmer，a restaurant analyst at UBS，David Hennequin  should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important  thing.

6.David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should  sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for  revival.

Questions 7-10

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe  sheet.

7.The word“sterling”in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.

A.difficult

B.menial

C.terrible

D.excellent

8.Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT  TRUE?

A.It tends to make people fat.

B.Its operations are very vague.

C.It tends to exploit workers.

D.It tends to treat animals cruelly.

9.Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired  result?

A.“Food Studio”scheme.

B.“Open Door”visitor days.

C.The“McPassport”scheme.

D.The Nutrition Information Initiative.

10.What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?

A.set up a“Food Studio”.

B.established a“Design Studio”.

C.hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.

D.employed local bosses as much as possible.

Questions 11-14

Complete each of the following statements(Questions 11-14)with words or  number taken from Reading Passage 1.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

11.After January 2004，McDonald was making improvement following a period of  slump in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were………………………….

12.Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in  December since customers took to……………………………..

13.Compared with other countries，France is McDonald’s……………………….next to  America.

14.…………………….of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the  figure is much lower than that in Britain.Part II

Notes to Reading Passage 1

1.sterling高质量的

e.g.He has many sterling qualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。

2.menial不体面的，乏味的(工作、职业)

3.spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰

4.mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动)

e.g.The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。

5.underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本

Part III

Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14

1.FALSE

See the second sentence in Paragraph A“One exception was France，where Mr  Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to  sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in  all 41 of the European countries…”.

2.TRUE

See the last sentence in Paragraph D“The Nutrition Information  Initiative，launched last year，put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with  data on calories，protein，fat，carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also  printed on tray-liners.”

3.NOT GIVEN

See Paragraph D，E and H“Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American  country in Europe，it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by  a Frenchman，using ideas cooked up in the French market.”.

4.FALSE

See the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L“The  market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France，but Britain…Almost  two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are  company-owned…”

5.TRUE

See the first sentence of Paragraph I“Fixing Britain should be his  priority，”says David Palmer，a restaurant analyst at UBS”.

6.NOT GIVEN

See the last sentence of Paragraph I“So it should sell as many  underperforming outlets as possible，says Mr Palmer”.

7.D

See the first sentence of Paragraph A“One exception was France，where Mr  Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to  sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.

8.B

See the second sentence of Paragraph D“McDonald’s is blamed for making people  fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment”

9.C

See the second sentence of Paragraph E“But some of his efforts have  backfired：last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of  a“McPassport”that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European  Union..”

10.A

See the last sentence of Paragraph G“He also set up a“food studio”，where  cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends”.

11.sluggish or declining

See the first sentence of Paragraph A“When Denis Hennequin took over as the  European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain  was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were  sluggish or declining.”

12.seasonal menu offerings

See the last sentence of Paragraph B“December was an especially good month as  customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a  promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly”.

13.most profitable market

See the second sentence of Paragraph H“But France is in fact the company’s  most profitable market after America”.

14.15%

See the second sentence of Paragraph I“Almost two-thirds of the 1，214  McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned，compared with 40%in Europe  and 15%in America”.

雅思阅读考试机经预测及解析

一、 考试概述：

本次考试的文章中又见两篇原题，所以关注考情还是有必要的，不过最重要的还是提高自己的基本功，以不变应万变。从题型上面分析，填空题及判断题依然是考查重点，题型涉及的还是比较全面的，不过本次考试没有考查list  of headings这种题型。据考生反应，本次填空题出现了跳段现象，做起来比较消耗时间，所以，大家考试中还是要灵活一点。

二、具体题目分析

Passage 1：

题目：Going Bananas

题型：填空题3+人名理论配对7+判断题3

新旧程度：旧题

文章大意：香蕉的起源、发展与现状

参考文章：

Going Bananas

A. The world’s favourite fruit could disappear forever in 10 years’ time. The  banana is among the world’s oldest crops. Agricultural scientists believe that  the first edible banana was discovered around ten thousand years ago. It has  been at an evolutionary standstill ever since it was first propagated in the  jungles of South-East Asia at the end of the last ice age. Normally the wild  banana, a giant jungle herb called Musa acuminate, contains a mass of hard seeds  that make the fruit virtually inedible. But now and then, hunter-gatherers must  have discovered rare mutant plants that produced seed-less, edible fruits.  Geneticists now know that the vast majority of these soft-fruited plants  resulted from genetic accidents that gave their cells three copies of each  chromosome instead of the usual two. This imbalance prevents seeds and pollen  from developing normally, rendering the mutant plants sterile. And that is why  some scientists believe the world’s most popular fruit could be doomed. It lacks  the genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the  banana plantations of Central America and the small-holdings of Africa and Asia  alike.