雅思阅读4大类型同义词替换讲解
在雅思阅读考试中，“理解”就是要能够正确识别用两种不同表达方式描述的同一事物。下面小编给大家带来了雅思阅读4大类型同义词替换讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧
雅思阅读4大类型同义词替换讲解
做雅思阅读就两种人，第一种是每个字都认识，句子读得又懂又快，比如说我，嘿嘿嘿。
还有一种技术流，就是会有一些不懂的词句，但是题目能看懂，而且能把题目和原文联系起来，这样也是可以做对绝大多数的题的。当然如果你一句话中不认识的词比认识的还多，那赶快滚去背单词去。
第一种方式需要一定量的积累，如果大家有冲击高分的诉求,可以长期积累. 对于多数考生来说练习第二种会更加高效。
那么问题来了，怎么找和原文对应的地方呢，这也是阅读考察重点之一:同义替换, 我们先要明确一点，同义替换不是同义词, 而是对同一事物的不同表达方式，比同义词的范围要更宽
所以我们来一起看一看常见的替换类型
1描述型替换
题目和原文是现象对应本质，概念对应例子, 或单词对其解释。
比如老师认真回答学生问题, 批改作业到深夜，原文中说有职业责任感，这个就是同义替换.
我们以真题为例：
“题目：The consumption of fossil fuel would be cut because agricultural vehicles would beunnecessary. C11”
“原文：It would reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.”
其中vehicles对应其中的一种例子tractor，unnecessary对应其词义解释cutting out the need for，再比如：
C8 chemical → fertilizer and pesticide，farming → grow plants and herd animals
C9 serious problems→nuclear war and pollution，
C10 a range of functions→ gathering, leisure, relaxation, worship
C11 Unnecessary→cutting out the need for
很明显不属于同义词, 但却是对同一事物的不同表达方式, 多个词对应一个词.这在雅思中出现几率非常大. 这种替换找不到就会很恼火,因为全是你认识的词, 但是就是脑子转不过来, 所以需要大家有这么一个意识, 不要按同义词严丝合缝的去找替换.
2同义词替换
此类替换比较复杂，也非常常见。
比如:
题目:Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized C6T3
原文:The emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.
其中Much effort→hard work, and→coupled with, correct answers→accuracy, emphasis→focus on
但是有些题目，大家会发现词都认识，但感觉不到其间的替换关系?
原因很简单，这些单词你并不认识。中英单词不是一一对应的，单词的核心意思具体语境下会有变化，拘泥于中文含义理解单词则体会不出单词的语境意，也就找不到替换了。
题目: the most important step is for school authorities to produce a _ policy _C6T4
原文:A key step is to develop a policy on…
produce和develop 能不能叫替换词?生产和发展,乍一看好像不是。理解词义的最好方式是看英英词典, 但大家能坚持做到的不会很多, 所以大家可以尝试方式, 用中文解释其中文词义，解释后的部分更贴近单词的核心词义。“生产”和“发展”都是弄出了一个什么新的东西, 本义是相近的.
再比如
原文：…… detect(侦查)the flaws
题目：…… locate(定位)the faults
Detect和locate都有“寻找……的位置”的意思，本质上是有相同的含义的。
原文：there is damage to property too.
题目：… does considerable damage to buildings
这就是一词多义，有些词义比较接近，有些相差较远，这在语言中是一个很常见的现象，比如在汉语中，问：小红，你有腿毛吗?答：有个毛啊!
粗暴地背中文词义很难能解决问题, 大家应该尝试去理解单词在不同语境、针对不同对象时词义的变化。至于怎么背阅读的词, 咱们日后再说.
3词性转换
单词的后缀决定词性，大多数情况下后缀改变不影响词义，少部分词有词义的变化。
Consume →consumption
secrete → secretions
fertilize → fertilizers
creativity → creative
investigative → investigate
half → halve
prefer → preference
emit → emission
error → erroneous
medical →medicine
当我们确定要找的题目中的词不认识时，我们只能找到它在原文中的原词重或词性转换。大家可以在背单词时留心一下词缀部分，不用去背名词后缀有什么，动词后缀有什么，你只需要逆向看到这个后缀能联系到题目中的词即可。
4逻辑词的替换
主要考察四种逻辑：因果，并列，转折，否定，考察的较少，但是也偶尔会成为出题点
因果：because → for，as，since，result in，therefore，contribute to，breed……“因为”“导致”都含有一个 因果关系的替换，有因就有果。
并列：and → as well as， first… second… third…，range from…to…
转折：but → however，despite， although
“尽管”“但是” 都有一个让步转折的逻辑，比如：虽然你长得丑，但是你想得美啊。在英语中出现了although则不会出现but，
否定：not → 如果题目中有否定词，经常可以拿来优先寻找，因为全文大多是肯定句，少数是否定句，会更加好寻找一些，比如：lack、 vanish、 in need of、little、fail to, 以及有less、free等否定后缀的词。
雅思阅读摘要题讲解--Johnson’s Dictionary
Johnson’s Dictionary
For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall’ of hard usuall English wordes'. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray's tended to concentrated on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial, It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an 'old crazy deal table.surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.
The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand). Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law -according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.
After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. This very noble work.' wrote the leading Italian lexicographer. 'will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.
Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, 'setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words'. It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswell's words,' conferred stability on the language of his country'.
The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.
Questions 4-7
Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS front the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.
In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having rented a garret, he took on a number of 4................. , who stood at a long central desk. Johnson did not have a 5..............available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. On publication, the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark. According to his biographer, James Boswell, Johnson's principal achievement was to bring 6................to the English language. As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a 7................by the king.
长难句练习：
1. Beyond the practical need to make orders out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English rniddle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer-lexical as well as social and commercial.
参考译文：除了规范英语混乱状态的实际需要外，英语字典的兴盛也与英国中产阶级的兴起有关。这些中产阶级渴望对各种要征服的坏境进行定义和约束、包括词汇环境、社会环境和商业环境。
知识点:
circumscribe：限制;约束
①The President's power is circumscribed by Congress and the Supreme Court.总统的权利受到国会和最高法院的限制。
②Travel is only one of many instances of circumscribed existence.旅行只不过是生活中受到限制的许多事件之一。
2. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.
参考译文：约翰逊的字典出版后，在长达一个多世纪的时间里，都没有出现一本真正能与其相媲美的字典。
知识点：
rival:
1)与……竞争 rival sb. for priority与某人争夺优先权
2)与……匹敌;比得上
No one can rival him in eloquence.没人能敌得过他的口才。
The college' s facilities rival those of Havard and Yale.这所大学的设施可以与哈佛、耶鲁的相媲美。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-Agriculture and Tourism
A
Linkages between the Agri-Food Sector and Tourism offer significant opportunities for the development of both sectors within the region. These linkages could lead to ensuring the sustainability (可持续性) of the region's tourism product thus ensuring it preservation. Agriculture and tourism — two of Wisconsin's most industries — are teaming up in southwestern Wisconsin (美国，威斯康辛州). A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities, and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market agricultural tourism there. In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm, a one-time event held in Platteville in conjunction with the Chicago Bears summer training camp. More than one-half of those surveyed responded favorably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in some type of agricultural tour in southwestern Wisconsin. Survey respondents reported that they would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as enjoy an old-fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in visiting specialty farms (strawberries, cranberries, poultry, etc.). More than 75 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 37 percent planning at least two months in advance.
B
More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days. Visitor at both events indicated that they were there to enjoy themselves and were willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts. They also wanted the opportunity to experience the "country" while there. The study found that planning around existing events should take into account what brought visitors to the area and provide additional attractions that will appeal to them. For example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be more open to various tour proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically to see the Chicago Bears practice They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner.
C
The study identified three primary audiences for agricultural tourism: 1) elderly people who take bus tours to see the country; 2) families interested in tours that could be enjoyed by both parents and children; and 3) persons already involved in agriculture, including international visitors. Agricultural tourism can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and challenges facing farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development agent. While agriculture is vital to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are becoming isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis notes, farmers are just as interested in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in any financial returns.
D
“Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,"Lewis says. "If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits could lead to policies more favorable to agriculture." Animal rights and the environment are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer's perspective on these issues, Lewis notes. Several Wisconsin farms already offer some type of learning experience for tourists. However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently market their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a concerted effort to promote agricultural tourism as an industry.
E
Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy, assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW-Platteville Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. UW-Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism organization. This past fall. Murphy organized several workshops with some Green and Grant County farmers, local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators to discuss how best to organize and put on farm tours. Committees were formed to look at the following: tour site evaluations, inventory of the area's resources, tour marketing, and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is organizing tours for people such as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better educate them about agricultural tourism. Green County farmers already have experience hosting visitors during the annual Monroe Cheese Days. Green county Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says these farmers are set to go ahead with more formal agricultural tours next year. The tours will combine a farm visit with a visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic lunch.
F
Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a 200-acre Grant County farm devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the Dominican Sisters. Education plays a major role at the farm, which has an orchard, dairy and beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be combined with other activities in the area such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to historical towns or landmarks, Lewis says. The project will help expose farmers to the tourism industry and farm vacations as a way to possibly supplement incomes, he adds. While farm families probably wouldn't make a lot of money through farm tours, they would be compensated for their time, says Lewis.
G
Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts, and recreational activities. Below are results from the 1990 survey of Monroe Cheese Days and Picnic on the Farm visitors .
Question 1-4
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. About half of all the tourists would spend several days in Monroe.
2. Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tour.
3. Cooperation across organizations in research for agriculture tours has been carried out.
4. Agriculture tour assist tourists to understand more issues concerning animal and environment.
Question 5-9
Which of following statements belongs to the visitor categories in the box
Please choose A, B or C for each question.
Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A Cheese Festival Visitors
B Picnic visitors
C Both of them
5. have focused destination.
6. majority prepare well before going beforehand.
7. were comparably less keen on picnic meal.
8. show interest in activities such as visiting factory tour and fruit.
9. are willing to accept a variety of tour recommendation.
Question 10-14
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.
Through farm tour, visitors can better understand significant issues such as 10 and environment. In autumn, Murphy organised 11 and bring other participants together to develop local tour market. Larry Lindgren said the farmers already had experience of farm tours with factory visiting and a 12 In Sinsinawa, a large area of the farmland contains an orchard, cow etc which is managed and operated by 13 ; Lewis said the project will probably bring extra 14 for local farmers.
篇章结构：
参考答案：
体裁
论说文
题目
农业和旅游
结构
A段-农业跟旅游之间的关系，以美国威斯康辛州州的西南部为例，论述了关于农业旅游业带来的影响。
B段-一类人喜欢平民化的风土人情。
C段-另一类人希望能够在旅游之余参加更多的活动。
D段-当地百姓遭遇发展的问题-动物权利和环境问题。
E段-研究建议一体化的农业系统中心，成立委员会有效地进行项目评估，最好的组织农业旅游。
F段-把旅游和其他活动联系起来作为增收的方式。
G段-农民可以获得额外收入。
Version 22307 主题 农业旅游
1
B
2
A
3
E
4
D
5
B
6
A
7
A
8
C
9
A
10
Animal rights
11
workshops
12
picnic （lunch）
13
Dominican Sisters
14
incomes
雅思阅读4大类型同义词替换讲解
