用欧美人思维方式看雅思阅读

若水1147由分享时间：2020-09-02 01:09:17

推荐文章

雅思阅读如何进行时间分配

热度：

雅思是门严谨有趣的考试，它对各位考生今后将要面对的海外学术生活有着巨大的衔接作用，仿佛一座桥,今天小编给大家带来了用欧美人思维方式看雅思阅读，希望可以帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

用欧美人思维方式看雅思阅读

事实上，老师和学生也同时痛苦地意识到，备战雅思，似乎只靠“努力”是收效甚微的。有些老师精心总结的解题方法、步骤，总不能够在学生身上奏效;许多学员，备战雅思绝不惜命，天天狠背单词，狂做题目，然而做起题目来正确率总是忽高忽低，可惜病症在哪里总是个迷。归根结底，要想拿到好成绩，掌握这些考试技巧，或者大刀阔斧地做些机械性的工作，还只是战术层面(且只是战术的一部分而已)的内容，更重要的似乎是在战略上需要建立的正确认识。

而这个正确的认识就是：雅思本就是基于“洋人”们的学习方式、西方院校的学术体系而来，它不只检测语言，也同时检测了我们的学术素养，你如果把这个考试看得过于狭隘，恐怕就很难突破瓶颈了。因此，本文将从雅思考试的阅读部分切入，试述雅思考试的一个个的题型是如何设置成型，达到测试目的。而作为考生，又该怎样从一开始走在正确的大路上，不疾不徐、稳扎稳打地拿下这个“性本善”的敌人。

外国人的学习方式跟雅思考试的整体对应

1、学习强度大，时间紧迫。

雅思考试由英澳两国共同开发和推广，这一事实背后的影响，恐怕不总有人提及。然而数据显示：截止到2013年，英国共有134所大学。根据2016年QS世界大学排名，共有9所英国大学进入世界前50的院校，18所英国大学进入世界前100(占总学校数量的13.4%)，30所英国大学进入世界前200。类似的，澳大利亚全境共有42所大学，世界前100名的大学，有6所(占总学校数量的14.3%)。

这是什么意思?美国有约3600所大学，而在世界排名前100名的院校当中，美国共占了32家(占总学校数量的0.8%)。绝对值上美国当然要超出，可是从“精华率”上来看，英澳两国简直高到令人发指!　　另外一个需要引起注意的事情是，英澳的学制相比美国，尤其在研究生阶段，基本还都偏短。显然，时间偏短的情况下，又取得了这么惊艳的成就，英澳两国高校的“效率”就只能是唯一合理的解释了。这里并非说美国人的效率普遍低下，然而一个不争的事实是，在英联邦的大学里读书，如果你的效率不够高，你就真的会被累到，甚至迷失。

雅思阅读文章的信息量之巨大、定位之不方便(尤其对比托福阅读的直接给出相关段落这种事实来说)是显而易见的。某种意义上讲，即便是英国本土人士，语言本身无障碍，可要在一小时的时间里读完3000多字的信息，还答完40道题目，也难言轻松。其实，让大家看完这样篇幅的中文，然后做题，也不是件容易的事。我们不难发现，效率本身就是成败的关键之一。很多人没有头绪地背单词、背单词，却发现自己解答题目的速度过慢，纵然句句都读得懂，也难保能在规定时间内答完足够多的题目。

总结：效率!阅读效率，学习效率!以后的你，在岛国读书的时候，要在有限的时间内读完那么多参考文献，怎么读?你得有效率。

建议：如果看到本文的同学有相对充裕的时间，从现在开始，再次了解一下skimming & scanning，然后找有经验的阅读老师了解一下什么是意群，再想想怎么能够提高自己的整体处理问题的效率。而考试迫在眉睫、准备时间仓促的同学，则应该好好考虑阅读部分的做题顺序，以及时间的统筹安排，从而弃卒保帅，好钢使在刀刃上，在有限的时间里争取最大限度的拿到分数。

2、洋人要求你能从各类文献中找到所需材料　　我们在备战雅思的过程中又同样发现，这个考试里所选的文章可谓天文地理，无所不藏。雅思阅读文章从哪来?分为哪几类?这些常识你要知道~

许多学员有个坏习惯亟需克服。他们往往在确定自己能把一句话翻译成通顺的中文之前，断然不敢相信自己对一个句子的理解可能已经足够去回答问题了。须知在做学问这件事上，本是没有门派的。广告营销的大师们，甚至可能从化学家的实验报告当中找到灵感，行为学家也完全可以从画展当中找出理论的源头。一本跟自己专业不相干的书，不代表里面的内容就是密码。我们在西方高校写论文的时候，什么书都可能要去读、去借鉴——“拿来主义”，是不分姓氏的。所以，根本意义上，雅思文章中的很多信息，是不必看懂，也“最好别看懂”的。作为一个聪明的考生，在正式开始学习并运用各种解题方法之前，不妨先好好检验自己是否能分得清，文章中哪些信息是马虎不得的，哪些内容，又是完全该学会“屏蔽”的。一旦掌握这当中的奥妙，考生应该会从本质上减轻词汇量方面的压力，同时大大提升每个人的信息提取效率。

另一方面，笔者曾经做过实验，当年有一本雅思真题集拿到手里，先不忙在原文当中做题，而是先拿到对应版本的中译文章，然后根据中文做了一整套题，结果发现所花的时间大大超出做英文文章本身的时间。这个结果，让我意识到：第一，只要你是中国人，你就很难控制自己不去看懂一句又一句的中文，可难受的是，这些文章所涉及的内容，你是不能看懂的，所以，自己的“贪欲”桎梏住了自己的速度;其次，英文当中有大小写的区分，文字和数字之间的差别相对更明显;而中文都是方块字，所以题目中那些能够在文章中“原型重现”的定位词，在中文的世界里就变得百无一用了。因此我们就不难发现，雅思的文章，你不必句句看懂，同时应该把文章当成一本工具书，你应该是为了搞明白每个问题的答案是什么，才去看文章中的相关信息的：跟答案无关的信息，跟你也是无关的。

3、洋人要求你对文体结构有认识

洋人们打小就开始接触西方的文体结构理论，从中学开始就要试着去写essay，去做presentation，所以，每篇学术文章，什么文体，该符合怎样的基本架构，他们是清楚的。因此，雅思出题方也希望所有世界不同的肤色、共同的雅思考生，都能对一篇文章的最基本架构有个常识性的了解。只可惜，颇为可观的一批中国“烤鸭”，就此输在了起跑线上。

作为雅思老师，我们目睹着一批又一批孩子为一两个题目穷凶极恶地在文章里瞎找，因为他们不知道如果稍作思考，就能预判一下这个题目的答案，是不会任意出现在文章的任何一个角落里的，它应该有它合理的归属。也就是说，如果我们对文体结构有了必要的了解，那么即便不熟悉这篇文章，我们也可以在了解了文章首末段之后，也就是了解了文章的主题以及体裁以后，对许多题目的答案所在位置有一个合理的判断。这将会大大提高我们定位的精确度和速度。而这个，又的确是不少老师和学员都忽视的重要学习内容。

雅思阅读精读要诀讲解

每个单词都有很多种意思，同学们只要记得单词在文章中的意思即可。积累下来就会发现，下次一篇雅思文章中再出现这个词汇，依然用这个释义。

生词背过一遍后，再读一遍文章。文章中的每句话每个段落读懂记住，记不住的可以在单词后面标记1，重点记忆;再读的时候，记不住可以标2，标3;这样反复记忆。有些单词就是和我们的记忆犯怵，需要反复标注重复记。

孟老师带学生做精读时，有的同学甚至有单词标12、13，几个单词翻来覆去记不住。这样只有重复，不断的重复看那句话，那些句子。直到自己再一次读文章能想起来词汇的意思，标注的数字13就可以划掉，下次再想起来，划掉12,11，一次划掉一个数字…

通过这样第二次的阅读，词汇就积累下来。

还有另一种可能，句子中的词汇全都认识，但依然读不懂整个句子。这样的同学问题在语法上。可以把句子抄在本上分析句型，看语法点，找出自己的问题。抄几个句子后不难发现，句子和句子之间都是相通的，结构一样，自己可能就卡在某一个语法点上不熟悉。把句型弄清楚了，句子就明白了。

第三种可能，文章中单词都认识，句型也明白，但还是整句意思读不懂。这就可能是“熟词僻意”。就是某个词同学们以为自己认识，其实不然。比如medical complaint 很多同学将两个词分开翻译，联系起来翻译为医疗纠纷。但其实，这个词是内科疾病。比如，international relief 是国际救援。

站在雅思考官角度考虑，出题点容易在同学们读不懂的地方出现。这些地方集中在长难句、熟词僻义、语法点上。通过做精读可以攻克，同学们可以通过练习提升自身的阅读能力。

这样做过文章后，再重新读一遍文章巩固知识，读一遍复习所有内容。一篇阅读文章最少读四遍。

通过这样系统的学习，不但文章中的单词句子学会了，还能学习文章的写作结构、文章内容，这些内容就可以适当的用在雅思口语和雅思写作中。很多时候口语不知道说什么，写作没有内容就是因为缺乏话题积累。阅读的内容其实和口语、写作是相通的：教育类、环境类，这些内容在雅思考试中可以互相使用。

雅思阅读练习题：Water on Mars? Life on Mars?

Ask a college freshman what he or she is excited about, and the list might range from the lack of a curfew(宵禁;戒严) to the unlimited dining hall pizza. Likely not on the list? Learning how to make smart financial decisions. And that's too bad, say experts, as that's exactly what all students need to focus on.

Millennials(千禧一代), perhaps not surprisingly, are not very savvy(精明的;精通的)about money. In fact, a recent study, Money Matters on Campus, found that since 2012 students are less likely to follow a budget, pay credit card bills on time and infull, balance their checkbooks every month or buy only the things they need. The study, which surveyed 42,000 college freshmen across theU.S.,was conducted by education technology company EverFi and sponsored by Higher One, a financial services company serving college students.

College students know they could do better. When it comes to grading(评分) how they manage their money, half give themselves a lukewarm(不温不火的) "C," according to a 2015 U.S. Bank survey of 1,640.

"Most of these kids come from homes whose parents don’t possess any kind of plan for the money except planning their next vacation or doing Christmas," says Jim Chilton,CEO of the non-profit Society for Financial Awareness.(非营利性的金融意识社团总裁Jim Chilton说，“这些孩子的父母除了计划下一次的旅行和过圣诞，花钱大都没有什么计划。”)

"When these young folks hit college, it’s a tidal wave of indecision ... as they punch in quickly Mommy and Daddy’s cell number to find out how they’re going to get by(应付;应对),"he says. "I call this begging by cluelessness(无知). It happens every start to a new semester."(“当这些年轻人上了大学，那就是各种犹豫不决的高峰期……他们忙不迭地拨打父母的手机，询问怎样过日子。”他说。“我把这种现象称为无脑的乞讨，每学期开学都会发生。”)

Millennials know they're in for (一定会遇到)some pain. They face higher levels of a student loan debt — two-thirds of recent bachelor’s degree recipients(接受者) have outstanding student loans, with an average debt of about $27,000, compared with $15,000 two decades ago — and face lower levels of wealth and personal income than Baby Boomers and Gen X at the same stage in their lives, according to a 2014 Pew Research Centerreport.

So parents should talk to their children about finances — and the sooner the better. With fall semester upon them, students are spending (and, sometimes, saving) money on their own,often for the first time in their lives. The choices they make can affect their lives for years to come, so it's critical that they make informed(知情的)ones.

For starters, teach themhow to budget, explain the intricacies(微妙，复杂) of having and using a credit card, and encourage them to ask if their college offers a financial literacy course.(教新生怎样做预算，告诉他们使用信用卡的复杂之处，或是鼓励他们问一问学校有没有金融扫盲课程。).

“Many Millennials aren't as financially savvy as they'd like to be — mainly because no one has ever taught them about personal finances," says Lynnette Khalfani-Cox, a money coach and author of multiple financial well-being books.

Chilton adds, "It's never too early to start."

Vocabulary

Millennials千禧一代

Curfew宵禁;戒严

Savvy精通的;精明的

Grade评分

Lukewarm微温的;不够热情的

Getby 应付;应对;勉强度日

Bein for… 一定会遇到……

Informed知情的

Intricacy微妙之处

本文中雅思写作高分句式

1. In fact, a recent study,Money Matters on Campus, found that since 2012 students are less likely to follow a budget…

句式1：a recent study found that…最近的一项研究发现……

句式2：…is/are (less/more)likely to do… 更不可能/更有可能做……

2. When it comes to grading(评分) how they manage their money, half give themselves a lukewarm(不温不火的) "C,"…

句式：when it comes tosomething/doing something 当谈到……

3. With fall semester upont hem, students are spending (and, sometimes, saving) money on their own, often for the first time in their lives.

句式：with…随着……

4. The choices they make can affect their lives for years to come, so it's critical that they make informed(知情的)ones.

句式：it is critical that… ……很关键/重要。

雅思阅读练习题：How to recover fast from rejection

Everyone knows what rejection feels like. It’s a universal (and universally disliked) experience, but it’s one that we each experience differently. For the most part(就绝大多数而言=in most cases), people are pretty good at moving on with their lives — even better than they might guess. Sometimes, though, getting rejected hurts more than we expect, especially if our immediate response is to become self-critical.

So what makes one person more resilient(有弹性的，灵活的, =flexible) than another in the face of rejection?

This is a popular topic in psychology, and researchers have investigated many contributing factors, such as differing attachment styles, coping mechanisms, and levels of self-esteem. (这是一个心理学很常见的话题，研究人员已经探讨了许多相关的因素，比如不同的情感风格、应对机制和自信程度等。)But Lauren Howe, a doctoral student in social psychology at Stanford, wanted to understand why some people change how they see themselves after a rejection — and how this tendency differentiates(区分=distinguish) who recovers over time and who continues to suffer.

She learned that her professor, the psychologist Carol Dweck, had also been thinking about it, and the two began exploring the psychological mechanisms(机制) that make people more likely to link rejection to the self, effectively making it worse.

Dweck is best known for her work on implicit personality theory(内隐人格理论), the idea that people have growth mindsets (i.e., they believe personality traits are malleable[可塑造的=flexible, changeable]) or fixed mindsets (personality traits don’t change) and that these beliefs shape how people approach and make sense of their social world. Her previous research has found that people with fixed mindsets (also called entity theorists) chronically(长期地=constantly, always) judge themselves and tend to see their outcomes as evidence of who they are and what they’re capable of. (她在之前的研究中发现，固定思维模式的人不断评价自己，而且倾向于将事情的结果看作他们身份和能力的证明。)So, for example, getting a bad grade on a test leads them to think they’re not smart. People with growth mindsets (incremental theorists) see outcomes not as evidence of who they are but as evidence of what they could improve in the future and what challenges they could overcome.

Howe and Dweck conducted a series of studies to see whether the same idea holds when people are rejected. Focusing on romantic rejection, which can be especially potent(有力的=strong; powerful) in threatening the self, they predicted that those with fixed mindsets would take rejection as proof that they are flawed or undesirable. They predicted these people would start to question who they are and carry this emotional baggage with them into the future, stalling(阻止;拖延=prevent; delay) their recovery. Growth mindset people, the researchers guessed, wouldn’t see the experience as reflective of their worth. The results were recently published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

In the first study, they recruited 194 participants on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The researchers assessed(评估;评价=judge; evaluate; appraise) people’s mindsets by noting how much they agreed with statements such as ”Everyone, no matter who they are, can significantly change their basic characteristics” and “The kind of person you are is something very basic about you, and it can’t be changed much.” The researchers used a continuous scale(连续的级阶) in all the studies so they wouldn’t separate people into two groups based on their beliefs. Across all the studies, there were some who agreed more with incremental views and some who agreed more with entity views.

The researchers then asked people to recall a painful romantic rejection and respond to a series of statements about the experience and its impact(冲击力;影响力=effect, influence). They controlled for how long ago the rejection happened and how severe it was, as well as participants’ current relationship status.

They found that rejection made participants with more of a fixed mindset more likely to worry that there is something wrong with them. Compared to people with more of a growth mindset, they experienced more negative emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, anger, and frustration.(与成长型思维模式的人相比，这些人有更多负面情绪，比如羞愧、尴尬、愤怒和绝望等。) They also agreed more strongly that talking about the past would harm new relationships — even though, on average, people were thinking about rejections that had happened five years ago.

The researchers conducted a second study to better measure whether rejection actually altered(改变=change, modify) how fixed mindset people see themselves. They measured how people felt when looking back (“I feel kind of bad about myself when I think about being rejected by this person”; “It sometimes upsets me to be reminded of this person”) and whether people feared it happening again (“Deep down, I sometimes worry that I might never find someone who really loves me”; “I put up walls to protect myself in new relationships”).

Just as with the first study, they found that people who endorsed(同意，批准，支持=agree, approve, consent, support) more of a fixed mindset felt worse, both generally and about themselves specifically, after being rejected. Stronger beliefs about personality being fixed also predicted more fear about being rejected again and greater distress when reminiscing(回忆=remember, recall, look back). These people typically didn’t take positive lessons away from the experience; they simply wished it had never happened.

A third study included an open-ended essay question: “What did you take away from this rejection?” The researchers found that people with fixed mindsets used a more negative tone in their responses and were more pessimistic(悲观的) about future relationships.

Each of the experiments raised the question of whether these effects appear only in memorable cases, so Howe and Dweck conducted another study to rule that out. They had participants respond to one of two hypotheticals(假设), a seemingly smaller rejection and a more significant one. One group was told to imagine how they would respond if they met someone at a party, felt a “spark,” and then later overheard the person saying that they weren’t interested. (Ouch.) The other group had to imagine a significant other of several years leaving them out of the blue after a fight. (Bigger ouch.)

The researchers found that while people generally responded more negatively to the larger rejection, people with fixed mindsets responded to both scenarios(场景=scene) more severely than people with growth mindsets.

“We were surprised when we saw those differences emerge in the smaller condition,” Howe told me. “One reason for it might be that if someone rejects you without even getting to know you first, you might wonder if there is some quality about you that is so obviously undesirable that a virtual stranger would say, ‘No, no thanks, not interested.’”

Because these findings were correlational(相关的), Howe and Dweck conducted a fifth study to try to establish causality(因果关系). They primed 121 subjects to adopt a certain mindset before thinking about a hypothetical rejection: One group read articles describing how personality traits seem set in stone after young adulthood (i.e., “3 Critical Factors That Shape Who You Are”); the second group read about how these traits can be developed anytime (“3 Key Ways to Shape Who You Are”).

You can probably guess the results. People induced(引导) to adopt fixed mindsets were more concerned that the fake rejection would change how they and others saw themselves. They reported feeling worse about themselves, and they thought rejection would happen again. This, the researchers say, suggests causal evidence that even being exposed to the idea that personality traits are fixed can make it harder for people to recover from rejection.

Two other things are worth noting from the study. First, perhaps surprisingly, no consistent gender effects appeared throughout the experiments. Second, life satisfaction was uncorrelated with implicit theories and self-esteem, suggesting that people with a more fixed mindset are not generally more discontent(不满意的;不满足的=unsatisfactory) than others.

Of course, romantic rejection is very different from other kinds of rejection, but could these findings still apply to rejections we experience in our careers and social circles? Howe said they did think the findings could generalize(普遍化) more broadly, perhaps in other types of social relationships (with friends and family, for example) and in contexts that aren’t interpersonal (academic or career failures), but they’d have to conduct actual studies in those domains to know for sure.

“Imagine you’re rejected for a job that you’re really interested in. You might start asking yourself, ‘What skills do I lack? What things don’t make me a good employee? I thought I was well suited for this position, but I guess I was wrong. What does this say about me?’” Howe said. “I think it could play out similarly, but we’d have to do work to confirm that.”

It also isn’t clear whether people always have the same mindset. Howe said that some research shows it can be domain-specific — so you might have a fixed theory of intelligence and a growth theory about personality. (豪认为，一些研究表.模式可能是场景决定的--因此，就智力而言，你可能持固定理论，就个性而言，你可能持成长理论。) Researchers are still studying how we develop these mindsets.

But the important thing to remember is that it seems like people can change how they think about personality traits, as the fifth study attests to(证实 =confirm, testify). “I think a lot of us have a gut instinct to question ourselves in the face of rejection,” Howe said, “but we’ll be better off pausing and taking a moment to think about what happened that wasn’t about us. What were the situational factors that might have led to this outcome? What was going on with the timing or with the other person?” (豪说：“我认为面临被拒绝时，许多人的第一直觉就是怀疑自己，然而，如果我们停下来稍微想一想发生的事情跟我们是谁无关会更好。导致这种解决的环境因素有哪些?是不是时机或者别人有问题?)

Vocabulary

for the most part 就绝大多数而言

resilient 有弹性的

differentiate 区分

mechanism 机制

implicit 隐含的

malleable 可以锻造的;可以改变的

chronically 长期地

stall 避免;拖延

assess 评估;评价

impact 冲击力;影响力

alter 改变