如何在提升雅思阅读速度和正确率
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率为大家带来同时兼顾雅思阅读做题速度和正确率的一些思路和具体方法。下面小编就和大家分享如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率,来欣赏 一下吧。
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率
雅思阅读有一个老生常谈的问题:做题前该怎样读文章。依作者拙见,要获得高分,做题前将文章浏览一遍是很有必要的;而同时,很多考生又会面临另一个难题,即在考试规定时间内逐字逐句看完三篇文章以及做完所有题目,对他们来说几乎是不可能的。那应该怎样化解决这一矛盾呢,这就是笔者想要跟大家一起探讨和解决的问题。
1.浏览文章的必要性
浏览文章是雅思阅读的必备策略。做题时,通常先阅读题目,然后通过题目中的关键词到文章中定位,最后找到答案。但是若遇到某些题型,单纯依靠定位就不合时宜了,即使侥幸做对,那也是自欺欺人。
例如目前颇有大展其鼓之势的段落细节配对题。简而言之,此题型就是出题者给出一个细节,然后要求答题者找出细节所在的相应段落。若用定位法,势必整段逐行搜寻,耗时耗力,效率等同于通读全文,更何况有时还未必能找到题干中的相同词语,而是需要靠做题者自己去归纳。
例如“剑四”52页30题题干“a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play”,在文章相关段落中很难甄别出上述信息。还有T/F/NG题中,虽然题目顺序与原文答案出现顺序一般保持一致,但也不能完全排除顺序打乱的情况出现,例如“剑五”19页8-13题。要做出这些题,那就非读文章不可了。
2.结构阅读法
那么雅思文章该怎么读呢?首先,我们来看看雅思权威考官Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell两位专家是怎么说的:
“When you go to university or college you may be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you are expected to do. You will have to do a lot of this reading on your own and you will need to be able to read discriminatingly. This means you will need to have the skills required to focus in on the information that is important to you and to skim through the information that isn’t.”
按照他们的说法,雅思阅读就是考察学生在读长文章时筛选信息的能力,即read discriminately,知道哪些是重要信息必须细读,哪些是无用的,可以忽略。
雅思考题的设计思路不仅是为了测试考生的语言水平,更在于帮助考生培养起一套适合英联邦大学教学观念的学习方法。
在英国念文科的同学都会有这样一种共识,那就是一学期要看很多书,写很多essay,有的同学虽然很刻苦,整日地泡在图书馆里做书虫,但还是读不完reading list中的必读书。再对比周围英国同学,他们不见得比我们刻苦,却很能掉书袋,写出的essay理论功底更深。
学习效率的高低正是由阅读方法的差异造成的。中国学生从小接受英语精读教学,咬文嚼字,看书喜欢一页页地细嚼慢咽。就个人阅读习惯而言,这种读法无可厚非,但若是做学问,这就不是正确的方法了。而英国学生读书,总是先浏览目次、摘要等信息,然后阅读索引,找寻需要的信息,所以他们一本书通常读一天甚至于几小时就够了。同样雅思的文章,也没必要逐字逐句的读,而是要了解作者行文时的构思以及写文章要达到的目的。如果做题前就能对文章的思路了如指掌,那就好比站在了作者的高度,定位时也就不会出现无的放矢的碰运气了。
有的同学也许会有这样的疑问,雅思文章题材五花八门,行文艰深晦涩,要看懂都不容易,怎样能在几分钟内,梳理出作者的写作思路呢?对于这个问题我们知道,雅思文章的学术性虽然决定了它的深度,但另一方面也决定了相对固定的文章结构。
因为学术是严谨的,在形式上它有一套严格的规范(the established academic caliber)。就学术范畴的文章而言,其观点可以犀利独到,但论证必须缜密,所以文章层次结构相比起他体裁是稳定的。换言之,学术文章有点八股文的味道。那么我们就可以利用这点迅速掌握文章结构继而掌握思路了。
文章的性质决定了文章的结构。在《剑桥雅思》的前言中,关于阅读有这样一段话: “The passages are on topics of general interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument.” 据笔者观察,所有雅思文章都可以分为两大类:介绍性的学术说明文和论辩性的学术论文。
说明文只是对一个既定的事实进行客观介绍和陈述,不包含argument,教科书就属于这一类;而学术论文通常针对一个悬而未决的问题,进行论证,继而提出解决方案,其过程就是提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。在雅思考试中,这类文章分为两种:实验论证和逻辑论证。下面就依次介绍这几种文章的结构:
一、介绍类学术说明文的结构
要判断文章类别,一般看标题就可以了。介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍,所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。具体结构如下:
-Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.
-Detailed Description:
Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic Development
-Look into the future/Summary
无论什么文章,起始段总是引出主题,所以多用叙述描写性语言,或介绍现象,或陈述事实,或交代问题。
在介绍类说明文中,中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述,各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。第一类时间顺序,通常用于陈述一个历史事件,例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。第二类并列或递进,从各个侧面来介绍,例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”,一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的,属于并列结构。第三类是逻辑顺序,据笔者统计,环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序,下文对此会作详细评述,这里不再赘言。
二、论证类文章的结构
实验类文章
-Introduce experiment
-Pre-experiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)
-Experiment Process
-Result (Collecting Data)
-Analyses and Syntheses
在雅思阅读中,实验类文章结构最为固定。笔者分析了“剑四”和“剑五”中所有实验类文章,发现其结构无一不遵循以上套路,这是因为实验报告的形式本来就单调。首段总是说明实验的缘起以及实验没目的,然后介绍实验前的准备工作包括器具,实验主体等,接着进入实验进程的描述,而后公布实验结果,最后综合数据得出结论。无论实验做什么,这个基本顺序是不会改变的。
逻辑论证类文章
-Introduce the topic/problem
-Literature Review (Optional)
-Present Causes/Reasons (optional)
-Writer’s Approach
-Supporting Evidences
-Conclusions
这类文章从结构上讲更接近于论文。起始段导出议题,第二部分对议题进行文献综述,介绍已有的观点或探讨引发问题的原因,第三部分引入作者的判断以及相关分论点或论据,最后是结论。在雅思考试是中这类文章通常是比较难的。
3.实战中的运用
下面结合题目具体说明结构阅读法的运用。
例一 (剑五”P16,Johnson’s Dictionary)
一看标题就知道是说明文,主题是介绍约翰逊博士的词典。然后阅读具体断落来套结构,注意一般只要看首尾句就可以了。第一段第一句”There had been concerns about the state of the English language.”交代背景,说明英语语言的问题,引出编词典的主题。第二段首句“there had, of course, been dictionaries in the past”介绍过去的字典,可知这篇文章的结构是按照时间顺序进行的。抓住这点,余下几段就容易分析了。
依次往后,分别讲了编词典的必要性、编词典前的准备、编词典中的艰难、介绍工作成果、出版后的好评,约翰逊的感慨以及最后功成名就。抓住这个顺序,即使后面的T/F/NG题次序打乱,每道题也依然能够准确快速地定位了。限于篇幅,此处稍举几例。
第9题“Johnson has become more well- known since his death.”这句和身后事有关,按照时间顺序肯定在最后一段找了。第10题“Johnson had been planning to writer a dictionary for several years”,按照时间顺序,这句应该去第四段找,因为那段讲的是编词典的准备阶段。
例二 (剑五”P20,Nature or Nurture)
首先通过首句可以判断是实验类文章。阅读各段首句,梳理结构:A段引出实验,说明实验目的。B段介绍实验前的准备工作。C段实验过程。D、E两段实验结果,F、G、H三段实验分析。最后一段综合,得出结论。看后面的段落细节配对题。14题从生物学角度分析实验结果,在F、G、H段内找。从首句可判断F段讲动物攻击性,G段讲社会性,H段讲人性和道德,动物攻击性最接近生物学,所以选F段。15题讲实验目的,所以选A段。16题讲实验主体,所以B段。剩余各题都可如法炮制,这里不再赘述。
环境自然现象类文章结构
-Introduce phenomenon
-Causes
-Impacts or effects brought by it
-Solutions/Look into the future
文章的主题通常是某种现象如地震,火山等,起始段介绍现象及其产生的原因,下面各段讲造成的后果,介绍人类怎样应对,最后展望未来。例如,“剑五”P86,“The Impact of Wilderness Tourism”探讨野外旅游, 主题属于环境类。按照这个结构即使不看文章,我们也应该可以判断Section A选的是iii这个标题(Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there),依次类推Section B论述后果,那么应该选V因为里面有“disruptive effects”,而Section C论述应对措施所以选ii。
总之,在做题前分析文章结构,了解每段的构成和主题是很有必要的。这既是一种有效考试的策略,更是针对学术文章的良好阅读方法。
雅思阅读材料:“来自星星的你”为什么会火?
Beer and fried chicken — this seemingly unorthodox combo has been the most sought after late-night snack recently in Yang Xiaoqian’s dormitory on the campus of Central China Normal University.
炸鸡和啤酒,这个看似怪异的搭配,最近竟成了华中师范大学学生杨晓青(音译)宿舍里最受追捧的夜宵。
“All of a sudden, on the tables of many dorms and in Weibo and Weixin (or WeChat) updates, the combo went viral,” says Yang, 19, a Chinese literature major at the university in Wuhan, Hubei province.
“突然间,宿舍的桌上、微博和微信上,这种吃法一下子火了。”华中师范大学中文系学生、19岁的杨晓青这样说道。
Thanks to a South Korean drama currently on air, Man From the Stars, this new mix-and-match junk food trend has become popular among young audiences, despite its unhealthy nature.
因为正在热播的韩剧《来自星星的你》的关系,这一垃圾食品的全新混搭组合尽管有害健康,但还是受到年轻观众的追捧。
Indeed, South Korean TV dramas, or K-drama for short, have been a major force in the South Korean pop-culture wave that has captured the hearts of young Chinese audiences.
的确,韩国电视剧(简称:韩剧),已成为推动韩国流行文化潮流的主力军,成功虏获了中国年轻观众的心。
According to iQiyi, a video website that features Man From the Stars, by Feb 15, the number of views for the TV drama hit a whopping 370 million in China, where the drama claimed four out of five hot topics spots on TV and on Sina Weibo on the same day.
来自播放《来自星星的你》的视频网站爱奇艺的数据显示,截止到2月15日,该剧在国内的累计播放量达到3.7亿次,与此同时,电视和新浪微博上五分之四的热点话题都被该剧占据。
Yan Feng, professor of Chinese literature at Fudan University, in an interview with Shanghai Morning Post, believes the new wave of South Korean drama is trying to attract a wider audience.
复旦大学中文系教授严峰在接受《新闻晨报》采访时表示,新一轮的韩剧风潮正在吸引更多的观众群体。
“It is interesting to explore what elements of those dramas appeal to audiences. It’s obviously more than just pretty faces and cool poses,” says Yan.
严峰表示,“探寻这些韩剧走红的因素是个有趣的过程。显然,韩剧的背后不仅仅是俊男美女和帅气造型”。
Echoed by audiences, culture critics, academics and insiders of the industry, youth fantasy, creative storylines, cultural proximity, and well-organized production all add up to K-drama’s recipe for success, along with, of course, those handsome and cute faces dressed in the latest fashion trends.
从观众、文化评论家、学者以及业内人士的口中我们可以了解到,青春幻想、创意剧情、文化相似以及制作精良都是韩剧的成功秘诀,当然,更少不了衣着时尚光鲜的俊男美女。
Pretty faces and fashion
俊男美女与时尚的组合
“Everyone fancies a perfect partner, handsome or beautiful,” says Zhou Ying, professor of TV production at Chongqing Technology and Business University. “The South Korean TV industry is feeding this need.” After Lee Min-ho entered the spotlight for his hit show The Inheritors and appeared on CCTV’s annual Spring Festival gala, he became the most famous South Korean in China. Only weeks later, Kim Soo-hyun, lead actor in Man From the Stars, swept the country.
来自重庆工商大学影视制作专业的周颖(音译)教授说:“每个人都幻想着完美的另一半,希望TA是俊男或美女。韩国电视产业正是满足人们的这一需求。”韩星李敏镐因热门剧集《继承者们》而大放异彩后,又现身央视春晚的舞台。如今他已成为中国最知名的韩星。而仅仅几周之后,《来自星星的你》主演金秀贤再次风靡中国。
“It reinforces the fantasy among young people with faces designed for viewers across the spectrum: the next door girl; the rebellious, sophisticated woman; the mature gentleman; little-brother faces. You name it,” says Zhou. “Idol making keeps updating the fantasies among fans and it intentionally caters to each generation’s tastes.”
“剧中的人物满足了不同观众群的审美需求,从而进一步迎合年轻人心中的浪漫情节:邻家女孩;精干熟女;成熟绅士;正太面孔,总有一款适合你”,周颖说。“偶像制造不断刷新着粉丝们的幻想,同时也刻意迎合着每一代人的喜好。”
Apart from pretty faces, fashion is another highlight of the series. Each time actors from the series wear a new set of outfits, similar clothes experience a sales spike online, according to Xiao Yi, a Taobao store owner based in Beijing.
除了俊俏的面孔外,时尚是该剧的另一个亮点。演员每次出场都如同“换装秀”。来自北京的淘宝店主肖逸(音译)表示,同款衣服在网上十分热销。
Zhou says that besides economic gains for South Korean appliances, make-up, food and fashion items, those pretty faces are re-constructing South Korea’s national image.
周颖认为,一方面韩剧带动了韩国家电、化妆品、食品和时尚用品的热销;另一方面,俊男美女们也重塑了韩国的国民形象。
“South Korea is imagined in accordance with those depictions in TV dramas, which is good national branding,” says Zhou.
“人们会根据电视剧里的描写来设想韩国,这是很好的国家品牌宣传。”周颖说。
Creative narrations
创造性的剧情
With love triangles, incurable diseases, and Cinderella tales, storylines in South Korean dramas may seem a bit commonplace. The Man From the Stars challenges this norm by integrating aliens and time travel into these existing narrations.
三角恋、绝症、灰姑娘,这些韩剧剧情似乎显得太过老套了。而《来自星星的你》将外星人和穿越融入到剧情当中,颠覆了韩剧剧情的定式。
Peng Sanyuan, a Beijing-based screenwriter, says a focus on detail is a key factor in the success of these dramas.
来自北京的剧作家彭三源表示,专注细节是这些剧集成功的关键因素。
“In order to accurately target audiences and find emotional resonance with them, more and more female writers are emerging in the industry,” says Peng about her experience of exchanging ideas with South Korean colleagues.
彭三源谈起自己曾与韩国同事交流想法:“为准确定位观众,找到与观众的情感共鸣,电视编剧行业不断涌现出女性作家的身影。”
Ma Ke, from Sohu.com, compares K-drama and Japanese drama. “Dramatic twists are more frequent in K-dramas, while urban love stories, a common theme, are often innovated by, for example, adding an alien,” says Ma. “That gives a sense of freshness to people who just want to know how everything is sorted out in such an impossible plot.”
来自搜狐网的马可(音译)对韩剧和日剧进行了一番比较。“峰回路转的剧情在韩剧中更常见,而都市爱情故事这个‘老生常谈’要想出新的话,就可能会加入外星人等元素,”马可说。“这给人一种新鲜感,观众仅仅是想知道在如此不可思议的情境下剧情是如何发展的。”
According to both experts, South Korean writers somehow make sense of these plots, no matter how unlikely it seems.
以上两位专业人士都认为,韩国编剧总是有办法让这些看似离谱的剧情变得合情合理。
由“想你“的疯兔子朴甜甜主演的three days接档,three days是发生在青瓦台警卫员中的故事,讲述了3天时间内发生的事。该剧讲述韩国总统度在度假时神秘失踪,朴有天饰演韩泰京的总统护卫在寻找总统时发现事件背后有着更大阴谋的故事。剧中所饰演的是风声都不放过的警卫室精英警卫“韩泰京”一角,预计将展现出男性魅力。将在3月5日SBS首播,3月6日凌晨优酷土豆双平台在内地同步独播。
雅思阅读材料:当你路遇没穿外套的小男孩
A boy shivers in the harsh Oslo winter, pathetically wrapping his arms around himself on a bus stop bench. He isn't wearing a coat and temperatures in the Norwegian capital regularly plunge to -10C during winter.
一个小男孩在挪威首都奥斯陆的寒风中瑟瑟发抖,他坐在一个公交车站台,可怜兮兮地环抱着自己的胳膊。他没有穿外套,而此时在冬日的奥斯陆,气温一般都会降到零下10摄氏度。
A heartbreaking scene, but the actions of the ordinary people who witnessed the plight of 11 year old Johannes Lønnestad Flaaten is both joyous and inspiring.
发生在11岁小男孩约翰内斯的这一幕困境让人心碎,但目睹这一幕的普通路人的反应却让人非常感动和充满正能量。
A young blonde woman who sat next to the boy and notices him rubbing his arms. She immediately asks him: 'Don't you have a jacket?'
坐在小男孩旁边的一个年轻的金发女孩注意到他一直在搓摸自己的胳膊,就立即问道:“你没有外套吗?”
'No, someone stole it,' he replies. She questions him and discovers he was on a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. She asks him the name of his school and where he's from as she selflessly drapes her own coat around his shoulders.
“没有,有人把我的外套偷走了,” 他回答道。女孩问过他了解到他是在上学的路上,在公交车站是在等自己的老师。她问了学校的名字,知道他的来历,很无私地把自己的外套脱下来披在他的肩膀上。
Later, another older woman at first gives him her scarf, then wraps him in her large padded jacket.
后来,又一位年长女性先把自己的围巾给了他,然后把他包裹在自己的棉外套里。
Throughout the day, more and more people offered Johannes their gloves and even the coats off their backs as they waited for their bus.
在这中,越来越多等公交车的人把自己的手套给了小约翰内斯,甚至有不少人把自己的外套脱下来了。
Johanne's predicament was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children’s Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees have left their homes without winter clothing.
约翰内斯的窘境是一个隐藏摄像机实验,由挪威慈善团体SOS儿童村发起,这是该组织冬日行动的一部分,这个活动是为了筹集更多捐赠为叙利亚儿童送冬日的生活必需品外套和毛毯。许多叙利亚难民在离家时都没带冬天的衣物。
"People should care as much about children in Syria as they care about this boy," Synne Rønning, the information head of SOS Children's Villages Norway, told The Local. She also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any danger during the filming.
挪威SOS儿童村的信息负责人罗宁对当地电视台表示:“人们应该像关心这个小男孩一样,关注叙利亚的儿童们。” 她也表示在拍摄过程中,志愿者小男孩并没有任何危险。
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