雅思阅读考试题型的3个特点

若水1147由分享时间：2020-09-02 00:59:59

在雅思阅读考试里面有很多的题型，想要在阅读部分获取高分必须要事先掌握好这些题型的特点。今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读考试题型的3个特点，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

雅思阅读考试题型的3个特点

1、语言模式

段落

英美报刊的文章不管它是新闻还是特写之类的，它的段落短小就是它的一大特点，一个段落往往就是只有那么一句话或两句话。一般来讲，英美报刊段落大概都是由60个单词组成的，平均差不多会在4行左右。据说，这是专家经过了科学的实验后总结出来的经验，专家认为这是最适合读者的一个段落长度。

大多数的雅思阅读文章的段落长度也都是在这个范围之内。但是由于那些杂志期刊也是考试命题的重要来源，所以在实战中长度很大的段落也是屡见不鲜的。

简明

报纸的编辑出版往往是受时间限制的，并且一切都是在时间的压力下去完成的。因此报纸一般都比较推崇简明的风格。

2、时效性

雅思阅读文章全部都是选自一些英美主流报刊杂志。所以一版考生在考试的时候会经常遇到一些时髦话题的文章，像BSE(疯牛病)、911事件、或者是安然公司破产案这样的内容在考试中都出现过。所以大家平时最好是能够经常去关心这些时事，积累一些比较必要的背景知识，这对于考试而言真的是大有裨益的。

3、结构特点

大多数的雅思阅读文章的结构往往就是人们常说的“倒金字塔”形式。这是指在一篇文章中那些重要的信息都放在开头部分，尤其是开头的前三段。也就是说，一篇文章的主题一般都会出现在前三段。一般我们可以把这样的段落称为导语段。文章一般都是把新闻所涉及的人物、时间、地点以及过程和结果都交待出来。读者读完了导语段之后也就知道了新闻的关键信息。

那么在接下来就是逐步向读者交待事件发生的起因、过程、影响等信息。这是文章的主要部分，但是各种信息其实并不是平铺直叙的，而是按照它们的重要性而先后出现来的。与事件直接相关的信息往往被认为是最重要的，因此位置靠前，然后才是一些比较次要的信息。

在这一部分，阅读文章其实还可以交待消息的来源，并且时常引用一些记者在采访中得到的有关人士的话，以证明消息的可靠。新闻往往还可以补充说明一些背景材料，有时文章不惜还会重复一些内容。

雅思阅读考试小范围预测

文章题目 Who should look after the child?

重复年份 20120412 20090110

题材人文社科

题型暂无

文章大意英国年轻人当父母的事儿，爸妈谁应照顾孩子

参考阅读：

Working Mothers

In the United States today, more than half of mothers with young children work,compared to about one third in the 1970s. Working mothers are now the rule rather than the exception. Women have been moving into the workforce not only for career satisfaction but also because they and their families need the income.

Why Women Work

In many families today, mothers continue to work because they have careers that they have spent years developing. Some women return to work soon after giving birth because they know that most employers in this country are not sympathetic to working mothers who wish to take time off to be with their young children. If these women stop working, even for several months, they may give up some of the advantages they have earned or risk losing certain career opportunities.

Help From Others

As a greater number of women enter the workforce and stay there, more and more children are cared for by adults other than their parents. Relatives sometimes take on child care duties, or children are cared for in a variety of childcare settings. Not surprisingly, working mothers are more likely to have their infants and toddlers in an out-of-the- home child care center than nonemployed mothers. However, most three- to five-year-olds are in center-based or preschool programs regardless of whether their mother works outside the home. Parents all want their children to have the best possible start in school, so they are likely to enroll their three- and four-year-olds in a program.

How It Can Impact Your Child

Some people still think that a “good mother” is one who gives up work to stay home with her children. However, no scientific evidence says children are harmed when their mothers work. A child’s development is influenced more by the emotional health of the family, how the family feels about the mother’s working,and the quality of child care. A child who is emotionally well adjusted, well loved,and well cared for will thrive regardless of whether the mother works outside the home.

A mother who successfully manages both an outside job and parenthood provides a role model for her child. In most families with working mothers, each person plays a more active role in the household. The children tend to look after one another and help in other ways. The father is more likely to help with household chores and child rearing as well as breadwinning. These positive outcomes are most likely when the working mother feels valued and supported by family, friends, and coworkers.

Conflicts

Problems can arise if a woman does not want to work or if her husband does not want her to work. If a woman works because she needs the money, she may have to take a job that she does not like. In that case, she needs to be careful not to bring her frustration and unhappiness home, where it will spill over into family relationships. The message the children may receive in this situation is that work is unpleasant and damages instead of builds self-esteem.

雅思阅读每日一练：美国人缺乏信任的经济后果

Schumpeter，Suspicious minds,The economic consequences of Americans’ distrust

AMERICA is a grumpy and confused place. For an overarching explanation of what has gone wrong, a decline in trust is a good place to start. Trust can be defined as the expectation that other people, or organizations, will act in ways that are fair to you. In the White House and beyond there is precious little of it about. People increasingly view institutions as corrupt, strangers as suspicious, rivals as illegitimate and facts as negotiable.

美国是一个暴躁而又迷茫的地方。要整体把握到底什么地方出了问题，我们不妨从信任度的下降入手。信任可以定义为“预期其他人或组织将公平地对待自己”。在白宫内外，这一点弥足珍贵。人们越来越认为机构腐败，陌生人可疑，对手非法，而事实也可以商量。

The share of Americans who say “most people can be trusted” fell from 44% in 1976 to 32% in 2016, according to a survey from the University of Chicago. In a new book, “The Retreat of Western Liberalism”, Edward Luce, a commentator for the Financial Times in Washington, argues that distrust will contribute to America’s decline and eventually, even, to autocracy. Lack of faith is chewed over in boardrooms, too. In his latest letter to shareholders, Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan Chase’s boss, describes trust as America’s “secret sauce” and worries that the bottle is running dry.

根据芝加哥大学的一项调查，认为“大多数人可以信任”的美国人比例从1976年的44%下降到2016年的32%。《金融时报》驻华盛顿评论员爱德华·卢斯(Edward Luce)在新书《西方自由主义的退却》(The Retreat of Western Liberalism)中指出，不信任将加速美国的衰落，甚至最终导致独裁。公司董事会也在琢磨缺乏信任的问题。摩根大通的老板杰米·戴蒙(Jamie Dimon)在最近给股东的信中将信任称为美国的“秘方”，并担心装秘方的瓶子快要空了。

The tricky bit is reconciling this distrust with the rosy business outlook. The S&P 500 index is near an all-time high, even though many economists say that distrust is toxic for prosperity because transactions become dearer and riskier. An OECD study of 30 economies shows that those with low levels of trust, such as Turkey and Mexico, are far poorer. Three scholars, Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales, have shown that pairs of countries (such as Britain and France) whose populations say they distrust each other, have less bilateral trade and investment.

这种不信任与美妙的商业前景放在一起似乎很不协调。标准普尔500指数目前接近历史高点——尽管许多经济学家认为不信任会扼杀繁荣，因为交易的成本会更高，风险会更大。经合组织对30个经济体的研究表明，信任水平较低的国家，比如土耳其和墨西哥等，要比美国贫穷得多。路易吉·圭索(Luigi Guiso)、佩奥拉·萨皮恩扎(Paola Sapienza)和路易吉·津加雷斯(Luigi Zingales)等三位学者证明，如果两个国家的民众对彼此都表示不信任，它们之间的双边贸易和投资也较少，比如英国和法国。

America’s mistrust outbreak can be split into two parts: what consumers think, and what firms think. The share of folk who have “little or no confidence” in big business has risen from 26% in 1976 to 39% in June, according to Gallup. For banks it has risen from 10% in 1979 to 28% today. Over decades big firms have broken implicit promises to their employees, such as providing a job for life and paying generous pensions. That has probably soured the public’s view. And the financial crisis of 2007-08 blew a giant hole in the reputation of big business and finance.

不信任在美国的爆发可以分为两部分：消费者的想法和企业的想法。根据盖洛普的数据，对大企业“几乎或完全不信任”者的比例从1976年的26%上升到了今年6月份的39%。对于银行，这一比例则从1979年的10%上升到今天的28%。几十年来，大公司已经打破了对员工的隐性承诺，如提供终身职位和慷慨的养老金。这可能已令公众心怀怨恨。2007至2008年的金融危机则让大企业和金融业名誉扫地。

Yet despite their customers’ distaste, big firms mint huge profits. One explanation is declining competition over the past 20 years. If markets are working, firms that are perceived to behave badly lose market share. In concentrated industries this discipline is lacking. Two recent scandals in oligopolistic bits of the economy illustrate the point. Wells Fargo, a bank, created millions of fake accounts, yet in the three months to June its year-on-year profits rose by 5%. In April a United Airlines passenger was assaulted, causing an outcry. Its underlying profits later rose by 5%, too. In such industries Americans are inured to mistreatment.

然而，尽管不受消费者认同，大公司还是创造了巨大的利润。一个解释是过去20年来竞争越来越少。如果市场正常发挥作用，公众眼中行为不良的公司将失去市场份额。这个规律不适用于集中的行业。最近在寡头垄断行业中发生的两桩丑闻就说明了这一点。富国银行虚开了数百万个账户，但在截至6月份的三个月中，其利润同比增长了5%。4月一名美联航乘客遭到殴打，引发强烈抗议。然而自此之后公司的潜在利润上涨了5%。在这样的行业里，美国人已经逆来顺受惯了。

Trust between firms, and between firms and investors, is more resilient, but there is evidence of greater wariness. Banks charge corporate borrowers a spread of 2.6 percentage points above the federal-funds rate, compared with 2.0 points in the 20 years before the crisis. The equity-risk premium, or the annual excess return that investors demand to hold shares rather than bonds, is 5.03 points, against a pre-crisis average of 3.45 points, notes Aswath Damodaran of the Stern School of Business at NYU.

公司之间以及公司与投资者之间的信任更为坚挺，但证据表明它们也变得更加谨慎了。银行向贷款企业收取高于联邦基金利率2.6个百分点的差价，而危机前20年这个差价只有2.0个百分点。纽约大学斯特恩商学院的阿斯沃斯·达摩达兰(Aswath Damodaran)指出，股票风险溢价(投资者持有股票而非债券时要求的年度超额收益)为5.03个百分点，而危机前的平均水平为3.45个百分点。

The median firm in the S&P 500 holds 62 cents of cash on its balance-sheet per dollar of gross operating profit, up from 45 cents in 2006 (this yardstick excludes America’s giant technology companies, which hoard money). In a sign that more corporate deals end in tears, litigation costs are rising. The revenues of legal firms rose by 103% in 1997-2012, according to the Census Bureau, more quickly than nominal GDP growth, of 85%. And spending on corporate lobbying, a signal that firms think politicians are corruptible, has risen faster than GDP, too.

标准普尔500指数的中位数公司每产生1美元毛营业利润，就会在资产负债表上持有62美分的现金，高于2006年的45美分(这个标准不包括囤积现金的美国技术巨头)。面对越来越多的企业交易惨淡收场的迹象，诉讼费用正在上升。根据美国人口调查局的统计，1997至2012年律所收入增长了103%，高于85%的名义GDP增长率。企业游说支出(体现企业认为政客可收买的程度)也比GDP增长更快。

In the long term it is possible that firms could become as mistrustful as consumers. Though individual companies can gain from cronyism, overall confidence will fall if there is sustained political meddling in the courts and regulatory system. And companies as well as people can be trapped into doing business with monopolies that are inept or shifty. In 2016 Facebook said that for the past two years it had overstated how long its users watched videos for, but advertisers have little choice but to stick with the social-media firm. Its profits rose by 71% in the latest quarter.

长此以往，企业有可能变得和消费者一样多疑。虽然个别公司可以从裙带主义中获益，但如果法院和监管体系中持续存在政治干预，整体信心会下降。公司以及人们都可能不得不和无能或是诡诈的垄断公司打交道。2016年，Facebook称它在过去两年中夸大了用户观看视频的时间，但广告客户别无选择，只能继续使用这家社交媒体公司。最近一季度它的利润增长了71%。

If the bleak predictions of observers such as Mr Luce come true, how might America Inc adjust? One guide is the work of Ronald Coase, an economist who theorized that the boundary of a firm is set according to whether an activity is best done in-house or can be outsourced to the market. If counterparties are less reliable, and contracts expensive to enforce, firms will become “vertically integrated”, bringing their supply chain in-house.

如果卢斯等观察家的晦暗预测成真，美国公司可能如何做出调整呢?一个指导方针是经济学家罗纳德·科斯(Ronald Coase)的研究成果，他提出了一个理论，称企业的边界取决于某项活动是该内部完成还是外包给市场。如果交易对手不再可靠，执行合同的费用高昂，企业将“垂直一体化”，将供应链收进内部。

If there is deeper decay of America’s legal system and greater political corruption, then firms would go further and spread “horizontally” too, expanding into new industries where their political contacts, and access to favors and capital can be used. This is how business works in much of the emerging world.

如果美国的法律体系腐烂更深，政治腐败更甚，企业也会进一步“横向拓展”，进入新的行业以利用其政治联系和可以获得的照顾和资本。这正是大部分新兴市场的经营方式。

Gotta have faith 须有信心

America is nowhere near such an outcome, at least not yet. Still, a concerted effort to shore up trust between consumers and firms, and between firms, would be healthy. If you subscribe to Silicon Valley’s Utopianism, technology can fill the gap, manufacturing mutual faith where none existed before. Uber’s system of scoring drivers and passengers allows strangers to have confidence in each other. E-commerce sites such as eBay and Alibaba work by creating networks of trust between merchants and customers.

美国还远没到这一步，至少现在还没有。然而，通过共同的努力来增强消费者与企业之间以及企业和企业之间的信任会大有好处。如果您认同硅谷的乌托邦主义，那么技术可以弥补缺失，制造出以前不存在的相互信任。优步的司机和乘客打分系统让陌生人相互信任。电子商务网站，如eBay和阿里巴巴，都靠建立商家和客户之间的信任网络而存在。

In the end, however, government has a vital role. By enforcing competition rules, it can ensure that poor conduct is punished. And by observing the independence of courts and regulators, it can demonstrate that contracts are sacred and that firms operate on a level playing-field. Suspicion is not about to bring American capitalism to its knees. But the country’s vast stock of trust, built up over a century or more, is being depleted quickly.

然而归根结底，政府起着至关重要的作用。通过执行竞争规则，它可以确保恶劣行为受到惩罚。通过确保法院和监管机构的独立性，它可以证明合同是神圣的，公司的竞争环境是公平的。怀疑的影响还没到让美国资本主义瘫痪的程度。但是，这个国家用一个多世纪建立起来的庞大信任库存如今消耗得十分迅速。

雅思阅读高频词汇

vertically integrated 垂直整合

transaction 事务

toxic 有毒

supply chain 供应链

shareholders 股东

reputation 声誉

overarching 包罗万象的

outsourced 外包

outbreak 爆发

negotiable 可转让