雅思阅读题型技巧讲解之小标题题型
List of Headings题也叫做小标题题。它应该算得上雅思阅读考试中名副其实的难题。今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读题型技巧讲解之小标题题型，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读题型技巧讲解之小标题题型
List of Headings题也叫做小标题题，顾名思义就是为文章中每个段落选择合适的能够概括段落大意的小标题来。这种题型在雅思阅读考试中经常出现。然而这种题型却往往因为解题方法的错误被误认为是难题。其实，只要掌握正确的解题方法，该种题型一定会变得很简单并且可以全部做对。
大多数考生认为这种题型较难，因为他们采用了如下错误的解题思路：
第一，大多数考生解答这种题型的思路在于寻找段落的中心句或主题句。
第二，他们还认为段落的中心句或主题句通常段落的首句，次句或尾句。
第三，根据判断出来的中心句或主题句确定正确选项。
但是，雅思阅读所有文章都有主题句或中心句吗?就算有主题句或中心句，它一定出现在首句，次句或尾句吗?
答案是否定的。
所以，使用这种方法，考生常常会有这样的经验：看完一个段落的首句发现刚好有一个标题与这句话对应，于是就把它选出来，但是这个选项偏偏是错误选项。
这样一来，考生做10道题就经常会做错其中的5-6道，而通常去蒙的话，也基本上能对4-5道，所以这种做题方法非常不可取，因为一旦判断错误主题句就一定会选错答案。
这是第一代的做题方法。在现今的时代背景下可以说是错误的!
那么，我们应该如何避免错误判定主题句、中心句的尴尬或者干脆直接跳过主题句或中心句的判断呢?
雅思阅读题型技巧讲解之小标题题型
具体做法如下：
第一步： 阅读题目要求，把例题所选小标题从小标题列表中划掉。(因为，一个段落所选标题其他段落是不会重复的)
第二步：阅读所有小标题，判定反向思维词，并进行反向思维。
第三步： 浏览段落。
第四步：比较段落与小标题，并利用排除法解答。
“反向思维”是解答这种题型和解答雅思阅读难题——段落信息搭配题(which paragraph contains the following information)的关键。
例如，如果现在有一篇文章，该文章有List of headings题一组，其中有一个选项为“我的雅思阅读老师陈好”，该标题中至少有两个反向思维词“雅思”和“陈好”。
按照反向思维，如果某个段落选择这个小标题，该段落一定至少会出现“雅思”和“王毅”这两个词。如果这个段落没有这两个信息，那么该段落肯定不会选这个小标题，该小标题便可以排除。
采用这样“反向思维”的方法就可以巧妙的避开寻找主题句或中心句。尽管文章看不太懂，但是每一个小标题每位考生都能读懂，并且可以进行反向思维。
雅思阅读题型技巧讲解之反向思维词
1.细节词。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现这个细节词。
例如：The connection between health-care and other human rights中的human rights
2.表达变化的词如：change, increase, growth, rise等。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落一般会出现数据。
例如：The impact of recent change中的change
3.future, past, recent这样表达时间的词。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现日期，年代或时间。
例如：The impact of recent change中的recent
4.复数(-s, -es)。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现列举这个名词。
例如：The connection between health-care and other human rights中human rights的复数
5.不定冠词a/an。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会写到一个具体的案例。
例如：A successful exercise in people power中的a
6.some。和a/an相似，如果某个段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现多个具体的案例。
例如Some poor selection decisions
7.表达流程的词汇process，procedure等。如果某个段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现first, second, third这样的序数词或in the beginning, afterwards, finally等表达顺序关系的词汇。
8.first。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会讲述该事物的诞生，一般会出现诞生的时间，地点或人物。例如：The first rocket。
当然，除了以上列举的这些反向思维词外还有很多，这里就不再一一赘述。
这种2.0版本的解题方法优点至少有三个：
1.巧妙的避开了寻找主题句或中心句
2.以每位考生都具备的思维能力为基础化解英文阅读
3.迅速正确地解答所有题
雅思阅读模拟题：企业的社会责任
Corporate social Responsibility
-a new concept of"market"
Maybe Ben & Jerry's and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a monopoly on nuking an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about the minefield of "ethical" marketing.
The Body Shop, along with the American ice cream maker Ben and Jerry's, was hailed as a new breed of green, or environmentally conscious, business.
Ben and Jerry’s
A Ben & jerry's offers a very sweet benefits package to employees. First, every one of the 700+ Ben & Jerry's workers is entitled to three free pints of ice cream, sorbet or frozen yogurt per day worked. (Some workers even use allotments of their free treats to barter for other goods and services in town such as haircuts). Beyond the freebies,personnel receives a 50% discount on the company's frozen goodies, a 40% discount on merchandise and a further 30% break on non-Ben & Jerry's foods at company outlets.
B Workers are further entitled to be paid family leave and may take advantage of the Employee Stock Purchase Program to purchase company stock (after six months with the organization) at a 15% discount. Beginning in 1998, 316 stock options are awarded to each worker (excluding directors and officers) and stock is also assigned to each employee's 401K plan at the end of the calendar year. These contributions are intended to achieve the company's goal of linked prosperity, i.e. to assure that future prosperity is widely shared by all employees.
C Other benefits include:
Health insurance, including coverage for well baby-care and mammograms
Life insurance (twice the employee's annual salary)
Dental insurance
Long-term disability plan paying 60% of salary six months after disability for duration of disability
Short-term disability plan paying 60% of salary for six months
Maternity leave with full pay for six weeks after delivery
The Body Shop
D History of The Body Shop Anita Roddick started The Body Shop with a mere ￡4,000 and a dream. With over 1,900 stores in 50 countries. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 in Brighton, England. From her original shop, which offered a line of 25 different lotions, creams, and oils, Roddick became the first successful marketer of body care products that combined natural ingredients with ecologically-benign manufacturing processes. Her company's refusal to test products on animals, along with an insistence on nonexploitative labor practices among suppliers around the world, appealed especially to upscale, mainly middleclass women, who were and have continued to be the company's primary market As sales boomed, even the conservative financial markets approved of The Body Shop's impressive profit picture, and a public stock offering in 1984 was successful. An expansion campaign followed. In 1988 the company entered the U.S. market by opening a store in New York City, and by 1997 the company boasted 1,500 stores, including franchises, in 47 countries. Anti-marketing seemed to be smart marketing, at least as far as The Body Shop was concerned.
E Part of the secret of The Body Shop’s early success was that it had created a market niche for itself. The company was not directly competing against the traditional cosmetics companies, which marketed their products as fashion accessories designed to cover up flaws and make women look more like the
fashion models who appeared in their lavish ads. Instead, The Body Shop offered a line of products that promised benefits other than appearance—healthier skin, for instance—rather than simply a better-looking complexion. The company is known for pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetic market and establishing social responsibility as an integral part of company operations. The Body Shop is known for its ethical stances, such as its monetary donations to the communities in which it operates, and its business partnerships with developing countries. In 1988 Roddick opened her first store in the United States, and by that time—through various social initiatives such as the "Stop the Bum" campaign to save the Brazilian rainforest (the source of many of the company's natural ingredients，and strong support of employee volunteerism——The Body Shop name had become synonymous with social activism and global preservation worldwide. The company had also become immensely profitable.
F By the mid-1990s, however. The Body Shop faced growing competition, forcing it to begin its first major advertising initiative, the most prominent part of which was the “Ruby” campaign. The campaign was personified by Ruby, a doll with Rubenesque proportions who was perched on an antique couch and who looked quite pleased with herself and her plump frame. Randy Williamson, a spokesperson for The Body Shop, said, “Ruby is the fruit of our long-established practice of challenging the way the cosmetic industry talks to women. The Ruby campaign is designed to promote the idea that The Body Shop creates products designed to enhance features, moisturize, cleanse, and polish, not to correct ‘flaws’. The Body Shop philosophy is that there is real beauty in everyone. We are not claiming that our products perform miracles."
G The Competition the Body Shop lost market share in the late 1990’s to product-savvy competitors that offered similar cosmetics at lower prices. The main competitors are H20, Sephora, Bath and Body Works, and Origins. Research Results Research showed that women appreciate The Body Shop for its ethical standards. They are pleased by companies with green actions, not promises. The research proved that The Body Shop has been put on the back burner in many people's minds: overcrowded by newer, fresher Brands Companies like the Body Shop continually hype their products through advertising and marketing, often creating a demand for something where a real need for it does not exist. The message pushed is that the route to happiness is through buying more and more of their products. Under such consumerism, the increasing domination of multinationals and their standardised products is leading to global cultural conformity. Other downfall factors also include misleading the public, low pay and against unions, exploiting indigenous people ; Also the mass production, packaging and transportation of huge quantities of goods is using up the world's resources faster than they can be renewed and filling the land, sea and air with dangerous pollution and waste.
H The Problem The Body Shop has used safe and timid advertising over the last decade, decreasing market share and brand value. With the rise of new, more natural and environmentally friendly competitors, The Body Shop can no longer stand behind being the greenest or most natural. The Solution The Body Shop is the originator of ethical beauty with our actions speaking louder than our words. This is the new direction of The Body Shop. We will be a part of different acts of kindness in big cities. We will eliminate unwanted graffiti, purify city air, and give the customer an opportunity to be a part of something good.
Questions 1-4
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-4 your answer sheet.
1 An action taken to Establishing social responsibility in conservation project
2 a description of the conventional way the ads applied to talk to its customers
3 A history of a humble origin and expansion
4 management practices arc intended to lined up the company's goal with participants' prosperity
Questions 5-7
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 5-7 on your answer sheet.
5-7) What are true about the Ben & Jerry's company management
A There was little difference between the highest salary and the lowest
B They were advertising their product with powerful internal marketing.
C They offer the employee complimentary product
D Employee were encouraged to give services back to the community
E the products are designed for workers to barter for other goods and services
F offered a package of benefits for disable employees
Questions 8-10
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
What are the factors once contributed to the success for the BODY SHOP ?
A pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetics market
B appealed to primary market mainly of the rich women
C focused on their lavish ads campaign
D The company avoided producing the traditional cosmetics products
E its moral concept that refuses to use animals- tested ingredients
F its monetary donations to the communities and in developing countries
Questions 11-13
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
What arc the factors leading to the later failure for BODY SHOP company?
A its philosophy that there is real beauty in everyone is faulty
B fail to fulfill promises while acted like misleading the public
C faced growing competition
D its creating demand for something that the customers do not actually need
E its newer, fresher Brands are not successful in the Market
F fail to offer cosmetics at lower prices than competitors
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