如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率?这个问题是困扰雅思备考同学的一个高频问题之一。下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率?
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率为大家带来同时兼顾雅思阅读做题速度和正确率的一些思路和具体方法。相信很多考生在备考雅思阅读的过程中会碰到一个瓶颈,那就是好不容易能达到做完所有雅思阅读题的速度,但是就是做不对。针对大家的这个问题,我们今天给大家讲一讲怎样更好地平衡雅思阅读的速度和正确率。
雅思阅读有一个老生常谈的问题:做题前该怎样读文章。依作者拙见,要获得高分,做题前将文章浏览一遍是很有必要的;而同时,很多考生又会面临另一个难题,即在考试规定时间内逐字逐句看完三篇文章以及做完所有题目,对他们来说几乎是不可能的。那应该怎样化解决这一矛盾呢,这就是笔者想要跟大家一起探讨和解决的问题。
1.浏览文章的必要性
浏览文章是雅思阅读的必备策略。做题时,通常先阅读题目,然后通过题目中的关键词到文章中定位,最后找到答案。但是若遇到某些题型,单纯依靠定位就不合时宜了,即使侥幸做对,那也是自欺欺人。
例如目前颇有大展其鼓之势的段落细节配对题。简而言之,此题型就是出题者给出一个细节,然后要求答题者找出细节所在的相应段落。若用定位法,势必整段逐行搜寻,耗时耗力,效率等同于通读全文,更何况有时还未必能找到题干中的相同词语,而是需要靠做题者自己去归纳。
例如“剑四”52页30题题干“a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play”,在文章相关段落中很难甄别出上述信息。还有T/F/NG题中,虽然题目顺序与原文答案出现顺序一般保持一致,但也不能完全排除顺序打乱的情况出现,例如“剑五”19页8-13题。要做出这些题,那就非读文章不可了。
2.结构阅读法
那么雅思文章该怎么读呢?首先,我们来看看雅思权威考官Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell两位专家是怎么说的:
“When you go to university or college you may be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you are expected to do. You will have to do a lot of this reading on your own and you will need to be able to read discriminatingly. This means you will need to have the skills required to focus in on the information that is important to you and to skim through the information that isn’t.”
按照他们的说法,雅思阅读就是考察学生在读长文章时筛选信息的能力,即read discriminately,知道哪些是重要信息必须细读,哪些是无用的,可以忽略。
雅思考题的设计思路不仅是为了测试考生的语言水平,更在于帮助考生培养起一套适合英联邦大学教学观念的学习方法。
在英国念文科的同学都会有这样一种共识,那就是一学期要看很多书,写很多essay,有的同学虽然很刻苦,整日地泡在图书馆里做书虫,但还是读不完reading list中的必读书。再对比周围英国同学,他们不见得比我们刻苦,却很能掉书袋,写出的essay理论功底更深。
学习效率的高低正是由阅读方法的差异造成的。中国学生从小接受英语精读教学,咬文嚼字,看书喜欢一页页地细嚼慢咽。就个人阅读习惯而言,这种读法无可厚非,但若是做学问,这就不是正确的方法了。而英国学生读书,总是先浏览目次、摘要等信息,然后阅读索引,找寻需要的信息,所以他们一本书通常读一天甚至于几小时就够了。同样雅思的文章,也没必要逐字逐句的读,而是要了解作者行文时的构思以及写文章要达到的目的。如果做题前就能对文章的思路了如指掌,那就好比站在了作者的高度,定位时也就不会出现无的放矢的碰运气了。
有的同学也许会有这样的疑问,雅思文章题材五花八门,行文艰深晦涩,要看懂都不容易,怎样能在几分钟内,梳理出作者的写作思路呢?对于这个问题我们知道,雅思文章的学术性虽然决定了它的深度,但另一方面也决定了相对固定的文章结构。
因为学术是严谨的,在形式上它有一套严格的规范(the established academic caliber)。就学术范畴的文章而言,其观点可以犀利独到,但论证必须缜密,所以文章层次结构相比起他体裁是稳定的。换言之,学术文章有点八股文的味道。那么我们就可以利用这点迅速掌握文章结构继而掌握思路了。
文章的性质决定了文章的结构。在《剑桥雅思》的前言中,关于阅读有这样一段话: “The passages are on topics of general interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument.” 据笔者观察,所有雅思文章都可以分为两大类:介绍性的学术说明文和论辩性的学术论文。
说明文只是对一个既定的事实进行客观介绍和陈述,不包含argument,教科书就属于这一类;而学术论文通常针对一个悬而未决的问题,进行论证,继而提出解决方案,其过程就是提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。在雅思考试中,这类文章分为两种:实验论证和逻辑论证。下面就依次介绍这几种文章的结构:
一、介绍类学术说明文的结构
要判断文章类别,一般看标题就可以了。介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍,所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。具体结构如下:
-Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.
-Detailed Description:
Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic Development
-Look into the future/Summary
无论什么文章,起始段总是引出主题,所以多用叙述描写性语言,或介绍现象,或陈述事实,或交代问题。
在介绍类说明文中,中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述,各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。第一类时间顺序,通常用于陈述一个历史事件,例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。第二类并列或递进,从各个侧面来介绍,例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”,一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的,属于并列结构。第三类是逻辑顺序,据笔者统计,环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序,下文对此会作详细评述,这里不再赘言。
二、论证类文章的结构
实验类文章
-Introduce experiment
-Pre-experiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)
-Experiment Process
-Result (Collecting Data)
-Analyses and Syntheses
在雅思阅读中,实验类文章结构最为固定。笔者分析了“剑四”和“剑五”中所有实验类文章,发现其结构无一不遵循以上套路,这是因为实验报告的形式本来就单调。首段总是说明实验的缘起以及实验没目的,然后介绍实验前的准备工作包括器具,实验主体等,接着进入实验进程的描述,而后公布实验结果,最后综合数据得出结论。无论实验做什么,这个基本顺序是不会改变的。
逻辑论证类文章
-Introduce the topic/problem
-Literature Review (Optional)
-Present Causes/Reasons (optional)
-Writer’s Approach
-Supporting Evidences
-Conclusions
这类文章从结构上讲更接近于论文。起始段导出议题,第二部分对议题进行文献综述,介绍已有的观点或探讨引发问题的原因,第三部分引入作者的判断以及相关分论点或论据,最后是结论。在雅思考试是中这类文章通常是比较难的。
3.实战中的运用
下面结合题目具体说明结构阅读法的运用。
例一 (剑五”P16,Johnson’s Dictionary)
一看标题就知道是说明文,主题是介绍约翰逊博士的词典。然后阅读具体断落来套结构,注意一般只要看首尾句就可以了。第一段第一句”There had been concerns about the state of the English language.”交代背景,说明英语语言的问题,引出编词典的主题。第二段首句“there had, of course, been dictionaries in the past”介绍过去的字典,可知这篇文章的结构是按照时间顺序进行的。抓住这点,余下几段就容易分析了。
依次往后,分别讲了编词典的必要性、编词典前的准备、编词典中的艰难、介绍工作成果、出版后的好评,约翰逊的感慨以及最后功成名就。抓住这个顺序,即使后面的T/F/NG题次序打乱,每道题也依然能够准确快速地定位了。限于篇幅,此处稍举几例。
第9题“Johnson has become more well- known since his death.”这句和身后事有关,按照时间顺序肯定在最后一段找了。第10题“Johnson had been planning to writer a dictionary for several years”,按照时间顺序,这句应该去第四段找,因为那段讲的是编词典的准备阶段。
例二 (剑五”P20,Nature or Nurture)
首先通过首句可以判断是实验类文章。阅读各段首句,梳理结构:A段引出实验,说明实验目的。B段介绍实验前的准备工作。C段实验过程。D、E两段实验结果,F、G、H三段实验分析。最后一段综合,得出结论。看后面的段落细节配对题。14题从生物学角度分析实验结果,在F、G、H段内找。从首句可判断F段讲动物攻击性,G段讲社会性,H段讲人性和道德,动物攻击性最接近生物学,所以选F段。15题讲实验目的,所以选A段。16题讲实验主体,所以B段。剩余各题都可如法炮制,这里不再赘述。
环境自然现象类文章结构
-Introduce phenomenon
-Causes
-Impacts or effects brought by it
-Solutions/Look into the future
文章的主题通常是某种现象如地震,火山等,起始段介绍现象及其产生的原因,下面各段讲造成的后果,介绍人类怎样应对,最后展望未来。例如,“剑五”P86,“The Impact of Wilderness Tourism”探讨野外旅游, 主题属于环境类。按照这个结构即使不看文章,我们也应该可以判断Section A选的是iii这个标题(Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there),依次类推Section B论述后果,那么应该选V因为里面有“disruptive effects”,而Section C论述应对措施所以选ii。
总之,在做题前分析文章结构,了解每段的构成和主题是很有必要的。这既是一种有效考试的策略,更是针对学术文章的良好阅读方法。
雅思阅读素材:BATTLIN' BRAINIACS
BATTLIN' BRAINIACS
Physics winners George Smoot of U.C.-Berkeley and John Mather of NASA have long feuded over discoveries they made while both were at NASA trying to prove the Big Bang theory. Mather was infuriated when Smoot, in 1992, announced some results of their collaborative research in what Mather alleged was a grab for solo glory. But after they won the prize last week, the pair seemed buddy-buddy again. Nothing brings people together like shiny gold medals and a check for $1.4 million.
不和的天才
物理学奖得主加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的乔冶·斯穆特和美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的约翰·马瑟长期交恶,起因是两人在NASA共事期间为证明“大爆炸”理论而作出的研究成果。1992年,斯穆特公布了他们合作研究的一些成果,马瑟大为恼火,指责他想独占荣耀。但上周获奖后,这对搭档似乎又变得亲密起来。没有什么比光芒四射的金质奖牌和140万美元的支票更容易让人和解的了。
雅思阅读技巧:skimming和scanning介绍
大家都知道,雅思阅读技巧中很重要的一个技巧就是速度,效率,这就不得不提到skimming和scanning,那么到底skimming和scanning是什么意思呢?下面就来看看小编大家的相关介绍,分享给大家,希望对大家有所帮助,文中观点仅供参考。
雅思阅读技巧:skimming介绍
Skimming在牛津词典当中的解释是:“read quickly, note only the chief points”在韦氏词典里的的解释是 “to read, study, or examine superficially and rapidly; especially glance through the chief ideas or the plots”
从这里我们不难看出,scanning主要是用来抓住文章的主要要点的(chief points),尤其是在韦氏词典里的解释,它让我们彻底地弄清了这一方法的具体含义“找一篇文章的主要论点或是文章的高潮”。实际上,这就是一种整体阅读的方法。
据此,我们便可以在阅读的过程当中使用这种方法来找寻文章的主旨大意。说的具体点,也就是通过抓住每一自然段的中心论点或中心句来判断一篇文章的大意。而对于记叙文来说,每段的中心句是比较不好找的,那么大家在阅读的时候就应该抓住故事发展的线索以及故事的起因、经过和结果。
那么大家在阅读的时候一定要注意,不管后面的题目里有没有考查主旨大意或要求选最佳标题,我们都必须通过抓住每段的中心意思从而掌握整篇文章的大意和中心思想——因为文章里的每个单词、每个句子、每个段落都是为这个中心服务的,无论是考查细节理解或是推断或作者态度,都离不开这个中心思想。
雅思阅读技巧: Scanning介绍
Scanning在牛津词典当中的解释是“glance quickly but not very thoroughly ”在韦氏词典当中的解释是:“ glance from point to point ,often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item”
家里有扫描仪的朋友可能知道scan的意思是“扫描”。其实“扫描”和两本字典里对于这种阅读方法的描述并不矛盾——为了寻找某一特定信息而大致地快速地浏览。
这种阅读方法尤其适合很多考查细节理解类的题目。找出题干定位词,然后再到文章里找相关信息,最后进行对比;这个过程其实就是 scanning,换句话说,我们没有必要把一段文字从头到尾地、逐字逐句地阅读,只要找准定位词,快速地在文章内“扫描”出定位词,问题也就迎刃而解。
以上就是对于skimming和scanning的雅思阅读技巧的相关介绍,这两种方式的掌握也能很好的提高雅思阅读速度,最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。
雅思考试阅读辅导资料
EMO OF FRIESLAND was Oxford's first recorded foreign student, and since 1190 they have kept pouring in. Both sides have benefited: Britain's universities, economy and culture have been enriched, and foreign scholars have been privileged to mix with the best. In recent years foreigners' higher fees have helped to keep increasingly hard-pressed institutions solvent.
Now, as rich-world students become more adventurous, and prosperous emerging countries churn out would-be undergraduates faster than good university places, the market in international higher education is booming. The number of students enrolled outside their home country has roughly trebled since 1980, on OECD figures. Britain is a world leader in this market, second only to America.
But the business is changing. In addition to the traditional Anglophone competitors for foreign students, many continental European places now teach in English. Countries that once consumed international education now provide it: Singapore is well on its way to becoming a regional hub. Universities (including British ones) are setting up campuses across borders. In short, students have more choice than ever; they are less likely to tolerate being fee fodder to subsidise Britons' education just because a brochure boasts an ancient-looking crest.
To flourish, British universities and their political masters must make a host of small changes and one huge one. The former mostly involve marketing. There is remarkably little differentiation now: Oxbridge colleges and former polytechnics all seem to have the same blurbs, which can lead foreign students to think they have been sold a pup. Too many universities think their job is done after the last exam: in fact forging strong alumni networks overseas is good for recruitment, good for ex-students and good for their alma maters' bank balances.
A geographic bias must be corrected too. China has been the big story, its students flooding Western campuses. Britain targeted that market well. But as that one-child country ages, India is the place to go for. Britain is belatedly trying to fix a change to the visa regime that angered many Indian students in particular by appearing to lump them in with subcontinental terrorists. There is talk of British universities teaming up with Indian ones. But more could be done.
The huge change is psychological: stop thinking of foreign students as mugs to be overcharged to subsidise poor Britons. That has never worked in any business and it is not going to work in this one. Rather concentrate on making British universities as good as possible. That above all means allowing them to charge domestic students something close to the real cost of their education.
This is fair:the average value of an education to the recipient exceeds the direst estimates of the fees involved. It also creates a virtuous circle. Better-funded universities can hire more good professors and build more modern laboratories. Britons will get a better education, and it will attract more foreign students too—who can help pay for more.
The man with the chequebook is your student
With their famous names and skilled workers, Britain's universities are in the same state as its motorbike-makers and banks were half a century ago. One clung to state handouts and the idea that people had no choice: it disappeared. The other decided to sell to the world and deregulated. For all the City of London's recent travails, it is surely a better model for Oxford, Cambridge et al than the likes of the BSA Triumph.
如何在提升雅思阅读速度的同时提升正确率
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