GRE阅读题型解题技巧解析
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GRE阅读题型解题技巧解析
GRE阅读对于考生要求较高，词汇、长难句、逻辑结构等，缺一不可。因此做好备考计划，将有助于大家用较少的时间和精力取得更好的复习效果。大家在日常备考过程中，可以在以下方面有针对性的加强GRE阅读训练，从而提高自己的GRE成绩!
词汇能力的累积
GRE单词对于绝大部分同学来说难度很大，起初同学们会凭直觉认为单词越长越难背。但是，经历过一段时间的学习后，大家发觉那些构词比 较简单的单词反而更难以掌握，特别是以字母 D , T , S , 开头，由5-6个字母组成的单词。其次， GRE 考试多次出现一词多义的考题，所以单纯地依靠“刷单词”，考生未必能掌握出题人实际考察的意思。
因此，针对 Word Polishing 比较好的学习方法是，在真题练习中，通过上下文的意思理解并掌握单词。
强化长难句
GRE考试有一个重要规则：长句不难，难句不长。真正难的句子，是那些长度适中、几乎没有生僻单词，但整体意思却晦涩难懂的句子。破解这些难句需要我们以真题为背景，将这些句子逐个梳理出来，建立难句资源。
句子，作为任何阅读文章基本的阅读单位，其重要性不言而喻。换句话说，句子读不懂，想要读懂文章，好比痴人说梦。可是GRE阅读中的句子之繁难，超出其他所有的英语考试的范畴，其长度更立人瞠目，往往读到句末，已经忘了前面在说些什么，令很多初学者困惑不已，不得不放弃真正读懂文章的想法。
建议考生一定要在正式模考之前把长难句拿下。现掌握了长难句阅读能节省很多的复习时间，之前需要一个词一个词来读的文章，通过训练可以做到以段来理解。
量的积累
熟悉GRE阅读套路的简单粗暴方法就是大量接触GRE的阅读。结束长难句的专项训练之后，大家就可以开始进行强度较大的阅读训练了，把各类能找到的GRE阅读真题和练习题都拿来作为积累阅读量的材料，有时间的话还可以看一些英文课外读物补充知识面，通过大量阅读的方式积累对于GRE阅读的熟悉程度。
题目分类解析
中心思想题
所谓中心思想题，是GRE考试当中唯一具有主观思想的考题。主要考察的是考生对于文章的大概意思还有考生对文章总体结构的把握能力。因为GRE考试的范围涉及范围很广，几乎包括了考古，生物，文学和社会科学等等几个比较大的科目。所以针对这样的题型，几乎是对所描述的客观事物的记录以及内容的记叙，不会涉及作者自己的态度以及观点。
根据文章的主要特征，GRE阅读包含两种写作方式：记叙文以及议论文。记叙文是对文章中所涉及到的某类人物或者现象的描述，是对客观存在的事物进行的纪录以及描述。其文章的逻辑发展主要是通过时间顺序或者是空间顺序进行的。相比之下，议论文是通过对文章中的某种客观的事物或者观点表达的看法。
列举题
列举，顾名思义，就是通过对文章中符合考题的几个例子进行列举，以获得正确的选项。列举题的形式包括以下两种：
第一种是对文章中没有提及到的例子进行列举。考察的方式是通过询问考生选项中没有被提及的例子，进行排除，考生可以定位原文，然后选出正确的答案;
第二种，选择文章中提及到的事例。总之，列举题在文章中出现的几率会很大，通常一篇文章会出现一道题目。
复述题
针对于复述题，是GRE阅读中相对简单的考题，只要考生可以根据题目要求回归定位原文，那么针对此类的题目，考生及可以迎刃而解了。回答这种题型的技巧是，考生可以分析选项中是否有通过原文改写而成的句子，改写形式包括形容词与副词之间的改写，动词与动名词之间等等，这就靠看考生对于文章句子的定位了。
一般说来，复述题都会很明确的指引你，或者是给予考生很直接的定位线索，如“在文章中的第几行”或者是告诉考生与文章结构密切相连的词或短语。这样考生就可以进行快速的定位。
逻辑题
这里所提及的逻辑题型与GRE逻辑有稍微的区别，考题中出现的逻辑一般都是比较简单。通过文中给出的逻辑关系，推导出符合这些逻辑关系的选项，这类题目一般设置的都不会太难。
作者思路题
这类考题和中心思想题有很大的区别但是也有一定的联系。首先中心思想题型是考察考生对文章意思的理解能力，而作者思路题则是考察考生对于文章结构的掌握。这些构成了文章的主要脉络。如果考生对文化的中心思想可以很好地掌握的话，那么相应的作者思路的题型就可以变得很容易。
暗示推理题
其实这类题目介于细节信息和中心思想题目之间，所以考生并不是能很好地界定。但是考生也不一定非要对考题的分类进行界定，GRE阅读的分类也仅仅是为了帮助考生对考试的题型有一个大致的了解。如果你碰到一个考题，虽然能够很快地定位，但是却不是很快地进行选择，那么这道考题就是所谓的暗示推理题。
【热门GRE阅读背景材料】家有双胞胎?宝好、妈好、全家好!
Mothers of twins do not just get twice the bundle of joy—they are also healthier than other mothers
拥有双胞胎的母亲不仅能得到双份的快乐，而且她们会比其她母亲更健康。
THROUGHOUT history, twins have provoked mixed feelings. Sometimes they were seen as a curse—an unwanted burden on a family’s resources. Sometimes they were viewed as a blessing, or even as a sign of their father’s superior virility. But if Shannen Robson and Ken Smith, of the University of Utah, are right, twins have more to do with their mother’s sturdy constitution than their father’s sexual power.
在历史上，对待双胞胎有着复杂的感情。有时，他们被视为祸根--家庭中不受欢迎的负担。有时，他们被视为祝福，或作为他们父亲拥有更好的性能力的一个标志。但如果犹他大学的夏侬.罗布森和肯.史密斯是正确的，那么双胞胎为他们的母亲那健壮的体格所做的比为他们的父亲的性能力方面所做的更多。
At first blush, this sounds an odd idea. After all, bearing and raising twins is taxing, both for the mother and for the children. Any gains from having more than one offspring at a time might be expected to be like higher infant and maternal mortality rates. On this view, twins are probably an accidental by-product of a natural insurance policy against the risk of losing an embryo early in gestation. That would explain why many more twins are conceived than born, and why those born are so rare (though more common these days, with the rise of IVF). They account for between six and 40 live births per 1,000, depending on where the mother lives.
乍看之下，这好像听起来好像是一个奇怪的想法，毕竟对于母亲和孩子，生产和抚养双胞胎是很费力的。每次从多于一个孩子那里获得的比期望的更多，通常会伴随着较高的婴儿死亡率和母亲死亡率。根据这种观点，双胞胎很可能是一次在怀孕期间用自然保障方式防止流产的意外的副产品。这样就能解释为何双胞胎怀的比生的多，而且为什么生的会这么少(虽然现在更多的运用试管受精已经很平常)。他们解释说每1000个中成活率在6到40之间，这要根据母亲生活的地方。
Dr Robson and Dr Smith, however, think that this account has got things the wrong way round. Although all women face a trade-off between the resources their bodies allocate to reproduction and those reserved for the maintenance of health, robust women can afford more of both than frail ones. And what surer way to signal robustness than by bearing more than one child at a time? In other words, the two researchers conjectured, the mothers of twins will not only display greater overall reproductive success, they will also be healthier than those who give birth only to singletons.
然而，罗布森博士和史密斯博士认为这个解释是事情处于错误中。尽管许多女人面临着一个权衡，那就是在身体分配给生育所需的资源和保留给保持身体健康所需营养之间权衡。强健的母亲可能比瘦弱的母亲提供的更多。而且能有什么比健壮的母亲生育多于一个孩子更有说服力呢?换言之，这两位调查者推测，双胞胎的母亲不仅更好的展示了整体的生育成功，也会比只生一个孩子的母亲更健康。
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Alas, pinning down evolved relationships between fertility and health is tricky. Modern medicine and the pampering effects of economic growth mean that, these days, women everywhere give birth to fewer children than they did in the distant evolutionary past, when human bodies and physiology were forged—even as more of the offspring they do bear survive into adulthood. In Europe and North America this demographic transition began in earnest around 1870.
唉，控制生育和保持健康之间的关系是很难的。现代医学和经济的发展精心呵护的结果是，当人体和生理机能被伪造，这个时候的女性无论在哪里都会比处在以前缓慢发展时期的女性生的孩子要少，因为她们生的孩子大部分能活到成年。在欧洲和北美这个人口过渡开始于1870年左右。
One way round this is to look at records gathered before the demographic transition began. The problem is that few authorities then kept tabs diligently enough to provide adequate fodder for statistical analysis. One exception was Utah, a state largely settled in its early days by Mormons, who have always taken such matters seriously. As a result, Utah’s Pedigree and Population Resource, a database of which Dr Smith is the director, contains 1.6m genealogical records for people in the state from the early 1800s to the 1970s.
围绕着寻找记录及合并的方法要在人口过渡开始前完成。这个问题是只有很少的当局会勤奋的为统计分析提供足够的材料保持制表符。一个例外是犹他州，在早期有摩门教徒定居在此，他们总是严肃的对待事情。结果，在史密斯博士作为主管的一个数据库中，犹他州的血统和人口资源包括160万份在早期的1800世纪到 1970世纪中居住于此的居民的家谱记录。
To test their theory that the bearers of twins are supermums, Dr Robson and Dr Smith scoured the records for women born between 1807 and 1899 who survived past the age of 50, when the menopause typically strikes. They excluded those married more than once, those widowed before they were 50 and also (this being Utah) those wives who were part of one of the polygamous marriages once legal among the state’s Mormon settlers. (In a study published earlier this year, Dr Smith and his colleagues found that the more wives a Mormon woman had to compete with for her husband’s attentions, the fewer children she was likely to produce.) This left them with some 59,000 women, around 4,600 of whom had given birth to twins at least once.
为了检验他们关于双胞胎母亲是超级妈妈的说法罗伯森博士和史密斯博士搜集了关于超过50岁的更年期正常来临并在1807年到1899年进行生产的妇女的资料。她们只结过一次婚，在50岁以前就守寡并且这些妻子是一夫多妻制婚姻的一部分，而这在这一地区的摩门教徒中是合法的。(今年早期发布的一项研究表明，史密斯博士和他的同事发现在众多妻子中，一个摩门妇女不得不为了吸引丈夫的关注而竞争，这样她很可能会生更少的孩子。)这样的妇女大约有59000名，其中4600名至少一次的生产双胞胎。
更多双语文章》》 点击这里
To assess the effects of the demographic transition, the two researchers split the sample into women born before 1870 and those born in or after it. The results, just published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, confirm their hypothesis. Mothers of twins in the pre-1870 batch gave birth, on average, to 1.9 more children than the mothers of singletons. Those in the post-1870 batch had 2.3 more. More importantly, from an evolutionary point of view, more of their children made it to maturity. The mothers of twins in the pre-1870 batch had 1.24 more children who survived past the age of 18 than did other mothers. After that date the figure was 1.56.
为了评估人口过渡的影响，这两名研究员分头对在1870年前和在这时及之后进行生产的妇女进行取样。结果公布在英国皇家学会学报上以证明他们的假说。在 1870年前生产双胞胎的母亲平均比生一个的多生1.9个孩子。这在1870年后就变为多于2.3个了。更重要的是，从一个逐渐发展的角度来看，她们的孩子会更成熟。比起其她母亲来说，在1870年以前生育双胞胎的母亲会有多于1.24个孩子，这些孩子更能活到18岁。之后这个数据变成了1.56。
Of course, having twins automatically increases a mother’s lifetime fertility by one, relative to her number of pregnancies. But, since few women have twins more than once, the data imply that mothers of twins are more productive, even ignoring that effect. Moreover, they also outperformed the mothers of singletons on a range of other reproductive measures, including intervals between births (shorter) and the age at which they gave birth to their last child (older).
当然，拥有双胞胎无意识的增强了母亲一生的生育力，这也和母亲的怀孕时间有关。但是如果很少妇女能多于一次的生产双胞胎，那么数据显示双胞胎的母亲拥有更好的生育力，甚至可忽视其影响。此外，她们也超过一个母亲的其她生育价值，包括生育之间的间歇和生育最后一个孩子的年龄。
Most strikingly, the pre-1870 group of mothers of twins actually lived longer than those who were not thus blessed. They were, in other words, simply healthier. This suggests that, in evolutionary terms at least, twins are far from a curse. On the contrary, they are indeed the mark of a supermum.
更明显的，在1870年前生产双胞胎的母亲实际上比没有这份祝福的要活得更长。换言之，她们是更健康的。这个建议说明，至少在进化过程中，双胞胎不是祸根，正好相反，他们却是超级母亲的标志。
热门GRE阅读背景材料 抗击咖啡锈病
WHEN Jesus Maria Aguirre saw his coffee bushes wither away, he knew that he had lost the sole source of income for his family. “We would go to collect coffee and would come back with our baskets nearly empty,” says the Colombian grower, recalling the pernicious effects of the “coffee rust” fungus, or roya.
当赫苏斯·玛利亚·阿吉雷看到了他的咖啡树日渐枯萎时，他意识到，这下他的家庭失去了唯一的收入来源。“我们去田里采咖啡豆，结果只能篮子空空地回来。”这位哥伦比亚的种植者在回想起这种咖啡锈病真菌，或被称为“罗亚”所带来的恶性影响时这样说到。
The fungus stunts the growth of the fruit of arabica coffee plants. It infected about 40% of Colombia's crop between 2008 and 2012. Production plunged from a high of 12.6m 60kg bags a year in 2007 to just 7.7m bags in 2012. As supply from Colombia shrank, international buyers turned to growers elsewhere.
这种真菌阻滞了阿拉比卡豆咖啡树果实的生长。在2008年至2012年间，它已经使哥伦比亚 40%的作物受到了感染，产量因此由2007年的峰值1260万袋60公斤的咖啡豆暴跌至2012年的仅770万袋。随着哥伦比亚的咖啡供应量的萎缩，国际上的咖啡买家开始向其它咖啡生产地寻求供应。
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What Mr Aguirre went through then is now the lot of farmers throughout Central America, the Dominican Republic, southern Mexico and Jamaica. Production there fell by 30% between 2011 and 2013 because of roya, reckons the International Coffee Organisation. USAID thinks it has caused $1 billion of economic damage in Latin America since 2012. This time Colombians are the ones taking advantage.
当时阿吉雷先生所遭受的窘境现在已经席卷了中美洲、多米尼加、南墨西哥以及牙买加。据国际咖啡组织估计，由于受“罗亚”影响，这些地区的咖啡产量在2011年至2013年间已下跌了30%。美国国际开发署认为，自从2012年起，这种锈病已经导致了拉丁美洲范围内高达10亿美元的经济损失。不过这次，哥伦比亚的种植户却可以置身事外甚至因此获利。
On his farm on the slopes of the country's central mountain range, Mr Aguirre today presides over 1.5 hectares (4 acres) of healthy bushes plump with red berries. For yields to recover, he had to yank up fungus-prone bushes and plant a new variety that promised to fight off the blight. He was one of thousands of farmers who joined in a countrywide scheme run by the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, which represents more than 500,000 independent growers. By June 2014 more than 3 billion bushes had been replanted.
现如今，在阿吉雷先生位于哥伦比亚中部山脉山坡上的农场里，他照料着超过1.5公顷的种满红色果实的健康的咖啡树。当初为了使产量恢复，他不得不剔除了易感真菌的植株并且种植了一种据信可抗枯萎的新品种。阿吉雷先生是全国范围种植计划的数千参与者之一，这个计划是由哥伦比亚咖啡种植者联合会运作的，这个联合会代表了超过50万的独立种植户。截至2014年6月，这种新植株已重新种植了超过30亿棵。
更多双语文章》》 点击这里
Three-quarters of them were replaced with a roya-resistant variety known as Castillo, which had been developed in the labs of Cenicafé, the coffee federation's research arm, after 13 years of selective breeding. Lindsey Bolger, head coffee buyer for Keurig Green Mountain, a roaster in the United States, said the industry was “on pins and needles” about whether the Castillo would work. It has. Colombia produced 11.5m bags in the 12 months to June 2014, up by 31% on the previous 12-month period, according to the coffee federation. Buyers are coming back.
这些咖啡树中的四分之三被一种被称为“卡斯蒂罗”的 “抗罗亚”品种替代，此品种是由哥伦比亚国家咖啡研究中心实验室经过13年精心选育开发出来的。林塞·博尔捷，美国绿山咖啡烘焙公司的首席采购，在谈及 “卡斯蒂罗”能否担任恢复产量重任时，形容咖啡产业对此是“如坐针毡”。事实上，“卡斯蒂罗”做到了。据咖啡联合会数据，截至2014年6月的12个月内，哥伦比亚出产了1150万袋咖啡豆，比上个同期的产量增长了31%。采购商们又把目光开始投回哥伦比亚。
Fernando Gast, Cenicafé's director, says seeds of the Castillo coffee plants have been sent to Mexico, El Salvador and Costa Rica for evaluation. But he warns that Colombia's success story is not directly transferable to Central America. The Castillo variety was created for Colombia's needs and may not adapt to Central America's soil and climate, he says.
费尔南多·加斯特，哥伦比亚国家咖啡研究中心实验室主任，表示“卡斯蒂罗”的种子已被送往墨西哥、萨尔瓦多以及哥斯达黎加进行进一步评估。但是他也警告说，哥伦比亚的产业复苏经验并不可被中美洲地区直接套用。“卡斯蒂罗”品种是为了满足哥伦比亚的需求而研发生产的，所以可能并不适合在中美洲的土壤及气候环境条件下种植。
Cenicafé's 89 researchers cannot rest easy, either. They are working on a project to map the coffee genome. That should help them develop new varieties that will not only resist roya, which is continuously evolving, but will also be less susceptible to erratic weather. The search for a stronger brew is never over.
实验室的89位研究人员们也还不能高枕无忧。他们现在正在进行一个绘制咖啡树基因谱的项目，这将有助他们培育新的变种，这种变种不仅能抵抗“罗亚”及其以后可能出现的其它变种，还能更不易受到不稳定天候影响的新品种植株。对于更优良品种的研究总会一直进行下去。
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