手把手教你攻克GRE长阅读
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深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系,攻克GRE长阅读我们一起看看吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系,攻克GRE长阅读
自从2011年8月GRE改革取消了类反题目，增加阅读部分的比例(占verbal题目总数的50%)后，GRE阅读部分的重要性可想而知。但是，GRE阅读，特别是文学、社会科学等文章类型一直以来都是广大中国考生最头痛的，也是最难提高的部分。于是，经过多次考试实战和多年阅读文章的研究，笔者发现在GRE阅读的文章里，还是有一些广大考生所不熟悉的“规律”。因此，在本文里，笔者将尝试去解开GRE阅读中最让考生头痛的“阅读规律”---逻辑、结构以及文章的同一概念的同义替换----希望可以帮助广大考生快速提高阅读分数和阅读能力。
官方真题例3.1：
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Notable as important nineteenth-century
novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in
which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the
actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic
narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently
high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in
several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries
of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though
shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though
efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as
ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and
concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative
technique.
分析：
Notable
as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a
world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent
women. Nevertheless, these two
novels are alike
in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling
mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,
though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,
though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic
tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed
authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
首先，该篇文章的主题句分别为第1句和第4句。
从结构的角度而言，
第1层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的不同点。接着用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的不同之处。
第2层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的相同点。接着还是用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的相同之处。
从逻辑的角度而言，
differently为对比逻辑关系里的不同逻辑。
alike为对比逻辑关系里的相同逻辑。
Nevertheless,为转折(也即是广义的相反)逻辑。需要提醒的是，考生要注意到nevertheless转折的并非是其最前面的那一句，而是该篇文章的第1层逻辑的不同点，也就是第一句。笔者这样说只是想时刻提醒读者，阅读的精髓本质并非是简单地对原文的中文翻译，而是看到句子与句子的结构、逻辑关系和联系、文章的主旨与细节。
下面一起来题目：
例题：
The
primary purpose of the passage is to
A. defend a
controversial interpretation of two novels
B. explain
the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C. delineate
broad differences between two novels
D.compareand contrast two novels
E. criticize
and evaluate two novels
解析：
该题很明显为主旨题目。直接从刚才我们对文章的结构和逻辑分析不难得出，该篇文章主要的逻辑是对比逻辑。因此考生在看选项的时候，切记要先看动词。很快我们可以得出答案为D选项。
例题2：
According
the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B method of disguising the
author’s real purposes
C portrayal of men as
determiners of the novel’s action
D creation of a realistic story
E controversial effect on
readers
解析：
该题为细节中的不同逻辑关系的题目。具体而言就是问Frankenstein 和 Wuthering
Heights这2本小说不同之处在于Frankenstein(题目用代词its表示)的什么。
考生这时候应该思考一下，该题的答案应该定位到原文哪一层结构?没错，就在第1层。因为只有第1层才说的是不同之处。而题目更加详细地问我们是Frankenstein这本小说怎样。于是回到原文对应的地方：“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes.”
我们不难得出，该句的大意是在说：Frankenstein这本小说描写的是女性角色的命运完全依赖于男性的行为。从逻辑关系的角度而言，就是女性角色和男性角色的行为的逻辑关系。那么答案也必然是对该逻辑关系的同义替换。所以答案不难得出是C选项。有意思的是，原文的表达是：女性角色的命运完全依赖男性的行为;而正确答案的表达为：男性决定女性角色。由于篇幅的关系，更全面的逻辑关系和原文对正确选项的替换类型，我们会在课堂上或者后面出版的阅读书籍中详细阐述。
官方真题例3.2：
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Although scientists observe that an
organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these
patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One
experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another
experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California
maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that
endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s
rhythmic behavior
解析：
Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior
falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are
affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms.
Another experimenter,
Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their
original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous
influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic
behavior
该篇文章的主旨为第1句。由第1句中的disagree一词可以预判文章后面应该会出现关于disagree后面的部分的内容的不同的观点。
文章的结构于是不难得出可以分为2层。
第1层即是第一句，为该篇文章主题句。
第2层中分为2小点。第1点为one部分的内容，也即是Brown的实验的具体内容和发现的结果以及结论。第2点为Hamner的具体的实验的内容和结论。
需要提醒考生的是，文章中主题和细节的重复的部分。也就是当考生看完主旨句的时候，就应该意识到，scientists, organism’s behavior, environment都是抽象词，文章后面会不断具体重复这几个主题抽象词。
例如：
scientists=Brown
+ Hamner
organism= oysters+ hamsters
environment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ California
behavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +
maintain their original rhythms
官方真题例3.3：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that
racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of
controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination
against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as
“racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a
race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also
including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and
the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms
were not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of
both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early
twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,
inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
分析：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination againstBlacks in
the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst a
group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward such
ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,
he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based
on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance
faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst Oriental people in
California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
上面的不同的颜色或者符号标记，代表该GRE文章中大量的---同义替换。
如下：
1, racism—racial
prejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negative
prejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination
2， stems
form---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by
3, capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism
4, A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He
5, class struggle----a means of controlling workers
6,
against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…
7， Chinese---- Oriental people
那么大家思考过没有，文章在后面展开过程中，为啥不断地同义替换那几个词?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句：A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle
that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by
capitalists as a means of controlling workers.的时候，应该想到什么?其实，如果对GRE阅读熟悉的话，就应该清楚，很多文章的写作意图是反驳别人的观点。那么我们思考一下，后面作者会怎么反驳那个马克思学家?对，应该是从如下两点：
1、在某某情况下，也存在racism,可是不是由于class
struggle.
2、在某某情况下，也存在racism,可是那时候，还没有capitalist
system.
也就是我们在后文的不断的反驳中，不得不去重复这几个概念：偏见、来自于、资本主义
第一点反驳：在某某情况下，你得说也存在这种偏见。
第二点反驳：同样，你也得说，在某某情况下，也存在偏见，可是那时候还没有资本主义。
试想一下，如果我们在看文章的时候，在脑海里，把刚才那些所有的同义替换的单词，都理解为同一个概念，或者说idea，那么我们看文章的时候，就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“联系”起来。这样，就不会像大多数的中国考生那样，看到后面的intolerance, antagonisms 的时候，就开始绞尽脑汁地回想那些单词的中文意思。
那么，大家再思考一下，如果我们能够有这种“deliberate oversimplification”---在看文章的时候，有意的把那些相同的概念的单词联系起来，脑海里出现同一个“概念”，而不是每个单词的对应的中文翻译。那么，看起文章来，就够快，而且，最重要的是，你可以把整篇文章串起来!这样，在考场上看文章的时候，才可以在规定的时间里，看完文章并且做完题目。以上所探讨的问题，也是考生在备考的时候，应该注意到并且熟悉的一点。
小结：
从上面笔者对阅读文章的分析，读者不难发现，真正对阅读文章的理解远远不是简单的翻译即可，而是要深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系。备考的时候，只要考生对GRE阅读文章的结构、逻辑关系以及出题规律的无比熟悉，而并非简单的记忆词汇和进行题海战术，那么对的阅读的攻破也将唾手可得。
GRE考试阅读模拟练习题
1.In Bassaria a group of that country's most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences， by depriving them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justice―the fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.
Which of the following， if true， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?
(A)Before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.
(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.
(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.
(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.
(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.
2.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.
Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?
(A)The reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.
(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.
(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.
(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.
(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.
3. In recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists' hypothesis?
(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?
(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?
(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?
(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?
(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?
参考答案：
AAE
GRE考试阅读模拟练习题
1.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in men.However， this view cannot be correct，since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
(A)Many men who have never had heart disease have unusually low levels of testosterone.
(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.
(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.
(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the effects of a single common cause.
(E)High levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.
2.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier， on average， than people who do not engage in this activity.Therefore， scuba diving tends to promote improved health.
The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba diving does so solely for health reasons
(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that no one can achieve good health without engaging in scuba diving
(C)fails to point out that a small number of people are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents each year
(D)treats a precondition for improving one's health as though it were something that by itself could ensure good health
(E)overlooks the possibility that people generally do not take up scuba diving unless they are in good health
3.Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?In recent years， the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase，they cite figures that show that， even adjusting for inflation， the price that the buyer of a new car pays，on average， is far higher now than a few years ago.
This evidence is unpersuasive， however， because
(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used
(B)after someone has bought a car， it might be several years before that person next buys a car
(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased
(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers
(E)the change in the average price paid for a new car could result solely from more people's rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars.
参考答案：
BEE
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