最新TOEFL阅读真题汇总

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新托福阅读背景知识精选汇总

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托福阅读真题1

PASSAGE 46

Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.

After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other iron plantations, continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.

The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the 1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the Hopewell stove. By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some 80,000 cast-iron stoves.

1. The word implications in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) motives

(D) progress

2. It can be inferred that the purpose of the legislation passed by England in 1750 was to

(A) reduce the price of English-made iron goods sold in the colonies

(B) prevent the outbreak of the War of Independence

(D) keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials.

3. The author compares iron furnaces to which of the following?

(A) cannons

(B) pyramids

(D) windows

4. The word rushing in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) reliable

(B) fresh

(D) rapid

5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons

EXCEPT

(A) Many workers were available in the area.

(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby.

(D) There was an abundance of wood.

6. The passage mentions roads, canals, and railroads in line 25 in order to explain that

(A) improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks

(B) iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation

(D) Hopewell never became a major transportation center

7. The word they in line 26 refers to

(A) links

(B) parts

(D) sites

8. The word some in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) only

(B) a maximum of

(D) a variety of

PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC

托福阅读真题2

PASSAGE 47

As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.

The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.

Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children efficiently in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was

(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities

(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers

(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country

2. The word means in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) advantages

(B) probability

(D) qualifications

3. The phrase coincided with in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) was influenced by

(B) happened at the same time as

(D) ensured the success of

4. According to the passage , one important change in United States education by the 1920's was

that

(A) most places required children to attend school

(B) the amount of time spent on formal education was limited

(D) adults and children studied in the same classes

5. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 10-11 to illustrate

(A) alternatives to formal education provided by public schools

(B) the importance of educational changes

(D) the increased impact of public schools on students.

6. According to the passage , early-twentieth century education reformers believed that

(A) different groups needed different kinds of education

(B) special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them

(D) more women should be involved in education and industry

7. The word it in line 22 refers to

(A) consumption

(B) production

(D) education

PASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC

托福阅读真题3

PASSAGE 48

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to get things done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The problems faced by leaders

(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups

(D) The role of leaders in social groups

2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT

(A) recruitment

(B) formal election process

(D) traditional cultural patterns

3. In mentioning natural leaders in line 9, the author is making the point that

(A) few people qualify as natural leaders

(B) there is no proof that natural leaders exist

(D) natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics

4. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?

(A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in

another group.

(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on

(A) ensuring harmonious relationships

(B) sharing responsibility with group members

(D) achieving a goal

6. The word collective in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) necessary

(B) typical

(D) particular

7. The word them in line 19 refers to

(A) expressive leaders

(B) goals of the group

(D) tension and conflict

8. A secondary relationship mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group

could best be characterized as

(A) distant

(B) enthusiastic

(D) personal

9. The word resolve in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) avoid repeating

(B) talk about

(D) find a solution for

10. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of

(A) examples that illustrate a problem

(B) cause and effect analysis

(D) comparison and contrast

PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD

最新TOEFL阅读真题汇总

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