托福听力备考怎样打好词汇基础

若水1147由分享时间：2020-09-04 16:01:35

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托福听力备考怎样打好词汇基础?实用经验助你稳固基本功

什么是托福听力的基础词汇?

基础词汇指托福听力的考试文章中、题目中以及选项中出现频率最高词汇。在备考托福考试时，尤其是针对托福听力做准备时，大学英语四级词汇就是所谓的基础词汇。

托福听力掌握基础词汇很重要

对于很多即将准备或者正在准备托福考试的人来说，很多人都觉得四级词汇实在是没什么难度，拼写简单语义也简单，然而当这些准考生们真正开始做托福听力训练的时候却发现除了那些根本没有背诵过的学术名词，其实为难了他们的还就是这些曾经被他们轻视甚至无视的四级词汇。

这到底是怎么回事呢?是什么让这些看似简单的词汇成了备考托福听力录上的拦路虎的呢?

首先，很多备考托福听力的同学们，他们对于单词的拼写和语义掌握的都不错，甚至可以说听到语义就能立即想到拼写，听到拼写也同样可以立即反应出语义，然而大家却忘了这是听力测试。中国式背单词的模式下没有被提起足够重视的读音问题就如同阿喀琉斯的后脚跟一样，在大家前往高分的每一步上都制造麻烦。

为了更好地提高对于这些基础词汇的识别能力，同学们在背诵单词时就要努力做到能够准确且熟练地记住每一个单词的读音，并且背诵完这些词汇的单日任务后要及时的收听词汇的音频来进行自我检测，通过做听音频写拼写和语义的训练让单词的所有要素融为一体，只有这样才能够缩短收听的反应时间，以便日后训练笔记记录时可以在自己的最快反应速度下找到并记录有效内容。

托福听力基础词汇语音语义背诵不简单

第一，语音背诵最大的难度在于国人英语学习过程中，语音学的简直是五花八门，而托福听力主要测试的语音是北美地区的英语的口音，同时伴有偶尔出现的英式、澳式以及新西兰口音等，因此最最起码要先掌握好词汇的北美读音。

第二，语义背诵则是增加了广度，背诵每个单词时如果这个词汇有不止一个词性和一个词义，那么考生们最好能够熟练掌握该词汇前两个词性的前两个词义。因为托福听力测试中，虽然这些看似生僻的语义在文章音频中使用的次数不是特别多，但是在选项中出现的次数却出奇的多，而这直接导致了部分考生听懂了文章，却找不出正确选项。

最后，在背诵基础词汇时要格外留意同义词和近义词以及同根派生词。

近年来托福听力词汇难度变化在哪里?

近几年以来，托福出题方明确说明自己并没有提升托福考试的难度，而很多过往考生却坚称考试变难了，那么究竟变化的是什么呢?

第一，同义词替换。以往的替换都是难到易为主，而如今却是增加了易到难的比重。

第二，同根派生词。语音的变化让许多考生在收听时来不及反应。

托福听力基础词汇背诵要点分析

基础词汇背诵一定要注重以下三点：

1. 语音、语义和拼写三者的完美结合(听音频，写出基础词汇的拼写和语义(提升对于基础词汇的反应速度和准确度));

2. 熟词僻义的背诵(避免听懂了文章却因为不识熟词僻义而选不到正确答案);

3. 同义词和派生词的背诵(避免由于近义词掌握量不足而选不出正确答案，同时避免由于对于同根派生词语音的不熟悉而无法精准理解文章语义)。

托福听力：“一箭双雕”，答对双选题的三个阶梯

托福听力双选题的基本概念：

托福听力双选题考什么?

双选题并不是一种题型，什么考点都能出，常常出现于主旨题，句子功能题，态度题，细节题中。初听文章时仍按照每种题型下的重点来把握信息和解题。

其中，双选以细节题中最多，主要考查：

• 特征 (features, characteristics)

• 原因(reasons, factors, causes)

如何锁定托福听力双选题的信息点?

双选多选答案的分布：可能集中于一句话or一段话中，也可能贯穿分布于整篇文章中。

双选经常带有明显的并列提示词，提示词hin重要，帮助锁定双(多)选信息。有时提示词不明显，需要参考具体题型解法，参考如but类的其他重点提示词。

托福听力双选题如何计分?

需要选对两个选项，才能得分。

托福听力双选题的正确率高吗?

• 完美错过正确答案的很少，

• 最多的情况是选错1个。

那托福听力双选题如何选对2个答案呢?

分为初阶抓并列提示词，进阶抓对比形容词，高阶练就排除选项的火眼金睛。

一、初阶：

从并列提示词入手，抓点得分。哪些属于并列提示词呢?并列提示词对于文章和段落结构起到很好的承托作用。我们先来欣赏一段散文，一起找一找里面的并列提示词。

读书乐

人们常把求知勤学叫作“寒窗苦读”,而我大不以为然。读书之乐，不一而足;苦诚有之，乐亦无穷也。我虽年方十六，却也已读了十多年的书，自谓读书有三乐”。

·一曰释疑之乐。人是万物之灵，是已知万物中唯一有思想的生灵。既然有思想，就不免对纷繁复杂的大千世界生出许多疑问来。然而一个人的思想是有限的，不可能解决所以的疑问，有疑而不解，岂不令人遗憾?“丈夫当日知其所亡”，这就是必须借助于读书了。读一本书，就像有几十个，几百个几千个人在帮你打开心中的疑惑。有时一个令你百思不得其解的问题却通过读一本书而被轻而易举地解决了，于是郁结在心头的疑问烟消云散。

·二曰启思之乐。“书籍是人类智慧的钥匙”，如果把人的创造力比作一座蓄水池的话，那么书就是泄水的闸门了。历史上有很多创造发明正是受了书的启发，例如当年青霉素的发现者弗莱明，正当他在苦苦寻找一种新型抗生素时，他偶然读到了几十年前的一本关于抗生素的书，里面提到了一种能消灭细菌的霉菌，不久以后，青霉素问世了。当然对于我们大多数的人来说，读书或许还谈不上什么发明创造，但仍极具启迪作用。比如读《世界之谜》，书中的一连串的问号把你带到了一个无比美妙的未知世界，由此你的智慧得到了启迪和发展，这不是读书的妙处吗?

·三曰神游之乐。这世界的确是太阔大了。大至宇宙，小至原子。远的不用说，就连我们所生活的世界各地的佳境名胜，在人短暂一生中游历殆尽也是不可能的。这时，书又成了一种最理想的交通工具，上天入地极大至微，只要是人类思想所及的地方，他便能带你畅游一番。佳境在目，歌声若闻，山水皆伸手可及，这又是读书一乐。

当然，读书之乐不止这三种，又如正己之乐，知理之乐，可谓不可胜数也。诚然，有乐也必有苦，然苦能生乐，又何苦之有?

都找到了吗?这篇文章中的并列提示词就是起始段的“三乐”，以及二三四段的“一曰释疑之乐，二曰启思之乐，三曰神游之乐。”如果托福听力题目这么容易的话，我们就要偷着乐了。实际考试考点会稍作设计，没有这么容易判断，BUT，一般在要出双选题的地方，也会像这篇文章一样，有比较明显的总领句，如there be结构：There are several reasons;或省略there be：Two changes took place.然后下面再分述2-3个理由/变化。我们需要抓住的正是there be后面的“一曰，二曰，三曰”。可托福听力中可不一定有“一二三”，那我们就来看一下There be后列举的几种正常与非正常打开方式。

1)“First”列举后必跟第二点并列

正常打开：Second

非正常打开：now, OK, Next, And, also, the important aspect

最常见的分述方式就是列举了，说话人为了使自己的语言也有逻辑性，往往会在总领句后用first来表述第一点理由，我们首先抓住这一点。比如31-1中解释教授讲课顺序的理由时：“Now, there are some very good reasons to approach the material in this way. First, well, we don't have very much ancient Greek music studied. Only about 45 pieces survived uh...these are mostly records of poems and songs.” 随着叙述的推进，说话人可能忘记用计数表示列举，而改用其他代表说话逻辑的词来引出第二点理由“What we do know about - and this really is the most important reason I am approaching today's lecture the way I am - is the Greek philosophy about music and its continuing influence on western attitudes toward music. ” 虽然从结构上来说好像并不对称，但事实上应该被我们采用为答案。

锁定这两处并列提示词，我们看到题目时，就可以锁定答案了：

What two reasons does the professor give for approaching the lecture material as he does? 【Click on 2 answers】

A. we have a limited idea of what ancient Greek music sounded like

B. the Greek philosophy of music influenced western thought

C. Greek music shared many characteristics with other types of ancient music

D. Greek melodies were admired by musicians from other countries

2)“One is” 后面必出现第二点并列

正常打开：the other is

非正常打开：夹杂混淆视听的其他并列词，而隐藏考点并列词

有同学提问说：既然有无用的并列词，那笔记应该怎么记呢?

• 答：在看到题目之前，凡并列词都需要记录，格外注重自问自答/师生问答。

比如：22-3中的一题

According to theprofessor, what are the two main goals of Pleistocene rewinding? 【 Click on 2 answers】

A. To restore some evolutionary processes that ended during the Pleistocene epoch

B. To help prevent the extinction of certain species of megafauna

C. To increase populations of native animal species in the western United States

D. To create a living laboratory where animal interactions can be observed

就是采取正常引入方式：“Now, the advocates of Pleistocene rewilding cite two main goals. One is to help prevent the extinction of some endangered megafauna by providing new refuges, new habitats for them. The other is to restore some of the evolutionary and ecological potential that has been lost in North America.”

而32-4中的这题就“不太正常”：

According to the professor, what interior features of the house Irwin designed were especially beneficial? [Choose two answers]

A. Circular rooms with windows in the ceiling

B. Floors that were easy to clean

C. A large, spacious common area

D. A single-fireplace system that heated the entire house

其中有提示词提领的地方比较好判断“Yeah. The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal, six-sided. Hen. So one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house, which could provide heat for the whole house through flues, uh, small air passageways into each room, as opposed to having a fireplace in every room, which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.“

而另一处答案点则隐藏在后面的一处师生问答处

“Professor：OK. Think about cleaning. What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean? Like...to sweep with a broom.

Student：Oh! The corners. Because in square or rectangular rooms, the corners are at 90 degree angles. It’s hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners. But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square, it would be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom. Right?

Professor：Exactly.”

二、进阶：对比型双选

解题关键：对比形容词

在听到有对比形容词的时候，如Traditional- unconventional，如Large-small ，往往代表两种性质相反的事物A，B，就会出现考察这两种事物A，B特性的双选题。如27-3中的一题，Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? Click on 2 answers

A. large animals require more food

B. large animals have fewer offspring

C. large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food

D. large animals have greater difficulty staying warm

题干中就出现“small animal”和“large animal”的明显对比，而原文中则通过“fewer”“more”的数量对比来引出考点：“Biologically speaking, sauropods shouldn’t have been successful. Large animals like elephants, say, they require much more food and energy and have fewer offspring than smaller animals.”

三、高阶：无明显提示词,练就排除易混选项的火眼金睛

这种情况下的双选即无明显提示词，选项答案点在原文中分布也相对分散，给我们的判断造成了很大的困难。这时，除了在听文章时要通过我们在细节题中所提到的其他重点提示词来提炼信息，更需要在解题时通过选项中的“蛛丝马迹”，来帮助我们排出正确选项，提高答题的正确率。

比如32-C1中的这题：

What does the woman suggest the man should do to have the best chance of selling his book to the bookstore? [Choose two answers]

A. Ask his professor if the same book will be used next semester

B. Sell the book back as soon as the buyback period begins

C. Make sure the book is in good condition

D. Bring the original sales receipt with the book

我们暂且不看原文，而从题干和选项所呈现的事实中来判断。这篇提问男生如何才能有“best chance”向书店卖出他的书(此处是二手书)，best chance就限定我们一定要选出一个“机会最大”的选项，也就意味着要有比较的可能性，才有最高级。逐个看选项：A.问教授是否下学期还会用同样的书。做题时可以自问：如果下学期还用一样的书，男生的机率就最大了吗?相比较其他同学卖二手书的同学，他有何优势呢?并没有。再看B.趁回购期一开始就来卖。这里就具备了比较的条件，时间“先”“后”，比别人早来，可以更快卖出书。C呢，书保存得很完好。此处的比较是书的状态“好”“坏”的对比，有对比，就有突出的可能。比别人书的状态好，就能更快卖出。所以C也说得通。D.附上书的发票。这个可以是buyback的一个必须条件，但体现不出差别，因为别的同学也可以把发票带来。

托福听力：听力中常见的惯用语

大家都知道，每一门语言里都有着数不清的习语和一些比较地道的用法。一些惯用语(Idioms)如果单纯按照字面意思来理解的话，往往会和说话者的真实意图南辕北辙，特别是作为一名正在学习英语的“歪果仁”，仅仅靠字面直译的意思来理解一些表达可能会闹出笑话。

举个栗子，某天，你有一件事情需要麻烦你的朋友，你朋友欣然接受了你的请求并帮助了你。你表示万分感谢，这时候你朋友大度地说：“It’s okay, you’ve scratched my back plenty of times”。如果你只知知道scratch someone’s back 是给某人挠背的意思的话，此时此刻的你一定是一脸黑人问号的怀疑人生，并且用力思索自己到底什么时候给他挠过背。其实，这个短语的意思就是预支自己对他人的帮忙，以防日后不时之需时可以有人情债可收，也就是中文中常说的投(qian)桃(zhai)报(huan)李(qian)。

通过这个例子我们可以发现，和中文一样，英文中也有数量众多的idioms，如果望文生义，可能就会产生歧义，引起误会，在托福听力中尤为如此。平日多积累一些地道的惯用语和表达方式，不但能够帮助我们理解文章，更会在考到一些惯用语和特殊表达的题目时，内心像抽到SSR一样激动万分啊有木有!那么今天，就由我来给大家梳理托福听力中出现过的那些“土掉渣”的地道英语表达。

1.all over the place：乱七八糟的;到处都是

Paraphrase: completely disorganized or confused

TPO: T13L2 – Ecology

Yeah,well, there used to be beavers all over the place, something like 200 million beavers, just in the continental United States.

这里曾经到处都是海狸，大概有200万只生活在美洲大陆上。

2.all the rag：风靡一时

Paraphrase: popular or fashionable at the moment

TPO: T30L4 – Music History

Before long, Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US.

不久，夏威夷吉他就在美国本土风靡起来。

3.at odd：争执;不一致

Paraphrase: cannot agree or argue with someone

TPO: T4L2 – Literature

They try to fit in with the rest of the world even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.

他们正努力融入世界，尽管他们和世界其他地方有着不同的身份和信仰。

Tips: at odds是争执、不一致的意思，应该把它作为一个整体来熟悉和运用。odd可以当形容词,意意思是奇数的;古怪的;剩余的;临时的;零散的;也可当名词,意思是：奇数;怪人;奇特的事物;

如：Although it sounded odd, this is the only way to describe this behavior.

虽然听起来很奇怪，但是这是描述这一行为的唯一方法。

It's not as though, oh, today is odd but maybe tomorrow it will be even.

并不是说今天它是奇数，明天就是偶数了。

而odds 只能当名词,意思是：几率;胜算;不平等;差别

如：Sure, you can raise money but the odds of getting venture capital are high.

当然了，你可以筹集资金，但是风险投资的几率也是非常高的。

4.be that as it may：即使如此，尽管那样; 话虽如此

Paraphrase: even so, even now

TPO: T3L3 – Art History

But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it's 15,000, 20,000or 30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art.

尽管如此，无论准确的日期是哪天，哪怕是在15000、20000还是30000年前，肖维岩洞的壁画都被认为是艺术的开端。

5.do the trick：奏效，成功

Paraphrase: go places, make a hit

TPO: T19C1 – Student & Professor

Yeah,I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory.Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.

是的，我已经看到效果了，但是，我还是想问一下，当你提到game theory的时候，我是有一定的了解，但是我不知道这个理论是如何运用在生物学中的。

6.down the drain：浪费掉;徒劳;堕落

Paraphrase: wasted or produces no results

TPO: T4C2 – Student & Professor

I know, but I didn’t want to risk the project going down the drain.

我知道，但是我不能让这个项目冒功亏一篑的风险。

7.drop in the bucket：沧海一粟，九牛一毛，杯水车薪

Paraphrase: something is so small that it won't make any noticeable difference.

TPO: T12L4 – Environmental Science

It can generate 194 megawatts of electric power, but that’s just a drop in the bucket.

它能产生194兆瓦的电量，但是也是杯水车薪。

8.for the birds：毫无意义的

Paraphrase: worthless or ridiculous

TPO: T8L1 – Animal Behavior

Studies have been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas – the preferred and the second choice habitat.

关于繁殖的成功率的研究结论是毫无价值的，结果令人震惊地表明，繁殖的成功率在首选和第二选择的栖息地中本质上是一样的

9.from scratch：白手起家，从头做起

Paraphrase: from the beginning

TPO: T4C2 – Student & Professor

But we've got all the sources and its due next week. We don’t have time to start from scratch.

但是我们已经找好各种资料了，截止日期是下周，我们已经没有时间重新来过了。

10.get a handle on：控制，掌握，驾驭，左右

Paraphrase: get something under control

TPO: T25L4 – Animal Behavior

Apparently,it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible, a brain that's quickly able toget a handle on unfamiliar situations.

很显然，它对大脑灵活、快速的适应陌生环境有着重要帮助。

11.heavenly body：天体

Paraphrase: planet

TPO: T18L1 – Astronomy

That's because of their belief at the time that the heavenly bodies, the Sun,Moon,Stars and Planets, were perfect, without any flaws or blemishes.

这是因为他们坚信所有的行星，太阳，月亮等等，都是完美无瑕的。

12.high and low：到处

Paraphrase:everywhere

TPO: T5C1 – Student & Counselor at the University Counseling Center

And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year. They’ve been searching high and low for a replacement, someone with experience.

大提琴手去年毕业了，他们到处寻找有经验的接班人。

13.how come：为什么，怎么会

Paraphrase: disbelief or surprise

TPO:T26L3 – Astronomy

I mean, how come Halley’s is still there? After four and a half billion years. How could it be?

我意思是，经过了45亿年哈雷彗星怎么还在那，怎么可能?

14.let alone：更不必说;不打扰

Paraphrase: to say nothing of…

TPO: T22L2 – Astronomy

we know the Sun’s current rate of mass loss, but if we assume that this rate has been steady over the last four billion years, the young Sun wouldn’t have been massive enough to have warmed Earth, let aloneMars, not enough to have caused liquid water.

我们知道太阳现在质量在衰减，如果我们假设太阳质量衰减的速度是恒定的，那么经过40亿年，太阳将不再有足够的质量给地球提供热量，更不用说火星了，这些热量都不够形成液态水。

15.off the hook：摆脱困境;脱身

Paraphrase: avoid sth.

TPO: T15C2 – Student & Biology Professor

And that's supposed to be a quiet environment? Not exactly. My brother and parents try to keep it down when I am studying, but the phone pretty much rings off the hook, so ...

本该是一个很安静的环境吧?事实却不是这样，在我学习的时候都爸爸和哥哥放低声音，但是电话却响个不停。

16.pros and cons：利弊

Paraphrase: advantages & disadvantages

TPO: The question is how. I mean no one really thinks that, say a bee goes through weighing the pros and cons of pollinating this flower or that flower.

问题在于怎样做到的。没有人会认为蜜蜂给花朵授粉的时候会去权衡一下这朵花和那朵花的利弊。

17.put two and two together：根据事实推理

Paraphrase: reach acorrect conclusion from the evidence; making inference

TPO: T3L4 – Astronomy

Sohe put two and two together, and decided there was an element in the sun that hadn’t been discovered here on the earth yet.

所以他根据现有情况推断，太阳里有一种元素是我们至今都没有发现的。

18.rule of thumb：经验法则

Paraphrase: approximately

TPO: T2C1 – Student & Professor

.. like your parents. That’s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?

例如你的父母。按我的经验我会问一句，我的父母能理解吗?

19.spot on：完全正确

Paraphrase: exactly right

TPO:T29L4 – Structural Engineering

There’sa reason I mentioned that figure of 36,000 kilometers. That’s about how high an object would have to be orbiting straight up from the equator to constantly remain directly above the exact same spot on the rotating planet Earth.

就像我刚提到的，36000公里是近地同步卫星的最低轨道高度。

20.take for granted：认为…理所当然

Paraphrase: assume sth.Is real for sure

TPO: T24L3 – Archeology

Today we take for granted that there horizontal bands of plant communities.

今天我们认为植物带的水平分布是理所当然的。

21.tall order：离谱的要求，苛求

Paraphrase: hard to achieve or fulfill

TPO: T5C2 – Student & Professor

It's still a pretty tall order, and we will be moving right along, so you will really need to stay on top of it.

这始终是个苛刻的要求，我们要一直保持前进，你就必须保持在巅峰状态。

22.tongue in cheek：不是认真的，虚情假意的