巧用虚拟语气解答GRE阅读题

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巧用虚拟语气解答GRE阅读题

(1) 对虚拟语气的敏感性

若在文章中看到虚拟语气，考虑直接取非反义理解，迅速把握作者态度。如下面这句话：

例一：Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense. (选自N0.6题第一套section 1短文章)

这句话看似很长，翻译成为中文的意思是：“有些科学家认为，就像人类采用恒星和行星来定位一样，候鸟或许也是采用天体的导航才得以确定它们所处的地理位置，但这要求这类动物具有令人难以置信的地图感。”中文读过去都让人头疼。其实我们用虚拟语气取非的思想来处理，其要表达的意思就很简单，对前半句话取非，说白了就是前半句话是行不通的，也就是“migrants cannot determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation。”可以知道作者对这种解释持负评价。2016年GRE考试场次大比较高分考生亲授报名时间选择技巧

我们再来看个例子：

例二：According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness—or ability to propagate her genes—by hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queen’s。(选自国内题1993年10月考题section 5短文章)

这句话也是虚拟语气，我们直接取反理解，作者想要表达的就是“a worker will not enhance her …”

运用这种取非的思想我们可以迅速的把握作者的态度，以及作者想要表达的真实意思。就不用先翻译成绕口的中文，再拼命的思索其中的含义，可以有效地为考试争取时间。

(2) 如何运用虚拟语气

在题干中看到虚拟语气，大多需要用到取非思想，与之相对应的一种题型是GRE阅读题中常见的一种，叫做“改进型取非题”。看例子之前，先简单解释下什么是“改进型取非题”。很简单，如果题干问“如果一个对象怎样会更好”则是改进型取非题，来看具体的例子：

例：It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories”of grazer control mentioned in line 3 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(选自NO.6第二套section 1长文章)，这是一个典型的改进型取非题题干，问的是第三行第一个理论怎样会更好。

逻辑思路：既然是改进，原文肯定说到了它的不好之处或者有unless的句子，我们把造成不好的原因取非，就是所要的答案了。

按照此思路定位原文三行，看到后面有这样一句话“A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae。”注意看插入语部分的“but did not prove”，这个就是缺点，取非就是“prove”再看五个选项：

(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions

(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

一眼扫过去就只有一个选项在讲证明，就是D中的verifiable。所以答案选D。很快解完此题。

(3) 虚拟语气的作用

取非的思路除了可以在虚拟语气中使用，还可以在另一种逻辑关系中使用，就是强对比的关系，也就是GRE阅读题中另一种常考题型“强对比互取非题”，其主要特点是：原文中有强对比的双方，题干只问及其中一方，答案是对另一方叙述的取非;或者题干和原文存在强对比要素，如典型的时间要素，答案也是对原文的叙述取非。

来看个简单的例子，

例：The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following(选自NO.6第三套section 4 长文章)

思路：在题干中看到了1950’s，第一反应就是要回原文定位，发现原文只讲到了“in the early 1950’s”并没有“before”，这显然就是时间上一个取非的关系，我们把in the early 1950’s干的事情取个非，就是之前干的事情。答案就很好选了，在此不举出来了。

gre 阅读虚拟语气中这个思路很好理解，比如说“我1995年第一次去北京。”很显然，1995年以前我就没有去过北京。这就是时间状语的取非。其它的强对比关系(如处于相对低于空间的事物通常其特点呈强对比;新事物、新观点和旧事物、传统观点呈强对比;用最高级、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同类事物的特征呈强对比等)，相信考生可以一眼看出。

GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析

Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.

Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people — a charter minority on our own land.

When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.

This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.

In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.

As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.

The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.

Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)

1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to

(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas

(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society

(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history

(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans

2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans

(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States

(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States

(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture

(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage

3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?

(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.

(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.

(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.

(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.

The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.

Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.

Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.

And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.

Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.

Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.

Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.

An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.

Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.

Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.

The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.

It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.

However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.

An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.

The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore.

Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)

4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentence in the last paragraph in order to

(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources

(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations

(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition

(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?

□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact

□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore

□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore

6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when

(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore

(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore

(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore

(E) other metals are added during processing

Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.

传统的对墨西哥裔美国人文化的研究，一直以来只注意墨西哥和美国视角的解读。

现在我们也必须从墨西哥裔美国人的历史经验出发考察这种文化，从自治到成为一国的国民，从新登陆的开拓者到被征服者——这片土地上的少数族群。

When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.

西班牙人刚到墨西哥就与当地人通婚，并吸收了当地的印第安文化。

This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.

这种文化融合的政策，在1800年代早期墨西哥扩展到德州时仍在发挥作用，(德州)当地的印第安人也就得以进入墨西哥人的生活与治理。

In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.

1820年代，美国人迁徙到德州，发现这片土地很适合种棉花。

As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.

美国人越来越多，他们的政策转而以强征当地人的土地为主。

The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.

两种意识形态不断冲突，最终爆发了武装冲突，以美国的胜利告终。

Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)

因此，当地人失去了原有的文化，不得不发展出一种墨西哥裔美国人的思维和行为方式，以图生存。

1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to

(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas

(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society

(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history

(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans

选C

A 暗示了墨西哥和美国干涉德州事物背后的动机，搞笑

B 记录了墨美社会特定的早期目标，瞎聊

C 提供了一种新的分析墨美文化的史学观点，正确项，句1，2

D 呼吁墨西哥和美国的学者更重视从经济角度解释历史，瞎聊

E 揭示了一直被忽略的关于墨美人的研究，瞎聊

2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans

(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States

(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States

(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture

(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage

选A

挺精致的一题。

charter 我们在很早以前的一个填空题里讲过 “黄热病肆虐北美，以至于费城 lost its charter ”，charter 是指英国颁发给海外殖民者，建立城市的特许状，其中规定了殖民城市所拥有的武装、税收等权力。

结合本段内容，墨西哥人是西班牙人加南美土著，他们来到德州，接纳了德州当地的土著，这些人相处是比较融洽的，他们通婚，文化上也融合。

但这群倒霉蛋后来碰上来种棉花的美国人，美国人就不那么友好了，通过武力强抢当地人的土地。那么一旦建立了 Texas ，美国人的 charter 是不太可能保障前者的权益的，他们在这个新建立的政权中，自然就成了少数派 minority 。

A 墨美人是当地人，而不是外来族群

B 墨美人在墨西哥时期的德州是统治阶层的一部分，美国人来了就不是了

C 十九世纪早期，是个非常模糊的范围，1800年其实是承认当地人权力的，1820年代美国人来了，情况开始转变，所以这个描述不清晰，不选

D 不能看出其他学者 misunderstood 了，也可能只是忽略了

E 看不出与西班牙更近还是印第安人更近，更类似于联合政府，西班牙换成美国就对了

3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?

(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.

(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.

(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.

(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.

选E

A 不一定，文中没说加州的事，无法判断

B quadurpled 四倍于，不能判断

C 墨西哥统治德州以前，当地人就与西班牙裔通婚，不能判断

D 美国吞并德州，很多墨西哥人逃回墨西哥，不能判断

E 多数印第安人反抗西班牙人的文化融合政策，被杀被奴役，这个正好说反了，是美国人动粗的，墨西哥统治德州时，当地人的待遇不错，还能参与城市管理，见句4

了解青铜时代的文明如何确定用来制造铜和青铜制品的铜矿石，会极大地帮助我们了解那个时代文明间的交流和贸易。

研究者们已经分析过这些制品和矿石中各元素的含量，但由于种.种原因，这些研究大多不能为铜的来源提供证据。

Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.

一处矿脉中的元素构成可能有差异，通常是因为混入了不同含量的其他元素，特别是铁，铅，锌，砷。

And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.

而在某些制品中可以观察到，某些铜矿石来源中钴或锌的含量高。

Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.

而且，矿石的生产工艺显示，炼制出的金属中的微量元素含量的变化无法有效控制。

Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.

有些元素在熔炼和锻造过程中蒸发;不同的温度和工艺过程造成不同程度的损耗。

Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.

最后，熔剂，加入到熔炼过程中用来从矿石中去除废料的一种物质，也会在成品中混入一定量的其他元素。

An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.

经过这些化学工艺，一个不变的性质是矿石中每种金属元素的同位素构成比例。

Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.

同位素构成，是某元素的一份样品中各种同位素所占的百分比，所以它特别适合作为鉴定矿石来源的指标。

当然，为了完成测定有必要找到这样一种元素，它在一块矿石中的同位素构成比例或多或少是稳定的，但在不同矿石，或不同地域出产的矿石中它的比例互相区别。

The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.

当我们用同位素构成比例来调查铜矿石来源，理想的选择，似乎就是铜本身。

It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.

我们已经知道铜的同位素构成在自然情况下会发生小但可测量的变化。

However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.

然而，这种改变只有在稀有矿石中才足够大(可测量);普通铜矿物样本的同位素差异，一般都小于测量误差。

An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.

另一种选择是铅，在多数青铜时代的铜以及青铜制品中都含有铅，数量大体与铜矿石中的铅相当，也可能有部分来自熔剂。

同类型来源的不同普通铜矿石中，铅的同位素比例通常不同，这种差异超过了测量误差的范围;且初步的研究显示，单一铜矿样本中的同位素比例实际上是一致的。

尽管有些制品中的铅可能来自于熔剂或熔炼铜矿过程中加入的其他金属，青铜时代工艺中这些被加入的铅，经常与铜矿中的铅有着相同的同位素比例。

Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)

所以，铅的同位素研究可能帮助我们解释青铜时代的某些考古记录。

4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentencein the last paragraph in order to(在文章第14句)

(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources

(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations

(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition

(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis

选A

我们先回头看看句14，

“An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. ”

如果铅完全来自于矿石，那么是有追踪效果的。如果铅来自外加的物质，万一加入的铅的同位素构成，跟矿石中的铅的同位素构成数值差异很大，就可能干扰检测的结果，所以这里提出铅可能来自熔剂，是一种科学的保守，也就是 A 项描述。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?

□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact

□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore

□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore

选ABC

句 14 告诉我们铜矿石中都含有铅，句16告诉我们熔炼过程中加入熔剂和其他金属，也可能带入了铅，所以选 ABC 。

6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .

句13

“However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. ”

我们要测量某种差异，测量过程中也一定会发生误差，只有当这种差异在相当程度上超过误差的规模时，我们才能采信这种结果。

比如我要回忆我跟我小学同桌的学习程度的对比，回忆的对象是期末考试分数，回忆可能存在几分的偏差。

假设我同桌学习特棒总是95左右，那么算上偏差她可能90-100分，而我一般都是75，算上偏差也不会到80以上，则这种对比是有明确结果的。

如果我们都是80分左右，则我的回忆完全不能比较我们的程度差异，也许我们该换一种方式，比如回母校查阅当年考试成绩的记录。

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when

(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore

(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore

(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore

(E) other metals are added during processing

选D

非常好的逻辑题。

前面第 4 题，我们知道，要确定铜，我们用了铅，但是铅可能有外来一些干扰，题目问我们哪种情况下可以排除这种干扰，注意 EXCEPT 。

如果加入的铅在同位素构成比例上，和矿石中原有的铅相同，加多少也就无所谓，因为我要测的是同位素的衰减程度。

就好像我要研究80岁左右的老头，如果60年前混入我们研究范围的男青年也都是20岁，那么现在他们也80岁了，不影响我们调查80岁老头的结果。