托福真题练习汇总

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托福基础语法知识讲解

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托福真题练习1

The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the "Industry of All Nations" section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.

The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.

In 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.

托福阅读题目：

1. This passage is mainly about

(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's

(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's

(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's

2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because

(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society

(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City

(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published

3. The word "securing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) locking

(B) creating

(D) acquiring

4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in

Watercolor EXCEPT:

(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.

(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society

(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.

5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in

Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?

(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.

(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.

(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.

6. The word "it" in line 15 refers to

(A) time

(B) group

(D) studio

7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?

(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.

(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.

Colors.

(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of

artists.

8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it

(A) received an important reward

(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting

(D) attracted the interest of art collectors

9. The word "considerable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sensitive

(B) great

(D) planned

10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?

(A) Elements of GraphicArt was republished.

(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.

(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.

11. The word "prominent" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) local

(D) organized

托福阅读答案：

BADCC BACBD C

托福真题练习2

The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.

The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The "hole" at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.

Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.

The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) observations of the stars by ancient people

(B) rock formations of Arizona

(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun

2. The word "obtained" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) acquired

(B) transported

(D) removed

3. The word "attributes" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) changes

(B) characteristics

(D) dimensions

4. The word "its" in line 10 refers to

(A) roof

(B) beam

(D) spot

5. The word "establish" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) create

(B) locate

(D) choose

6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?

(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.

(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.

(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.

7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?

(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east

(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves

(D) The size of the sport of light at midday

8. The word "roughly" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) finally

(B) harshly

(D) approximately

9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT

(A) a calendar

(B) a home

(D) an observatory

10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?

(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.

(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.

(C)After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.

(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.

托福阅读答案：

CABCA BCDBA

托福真题练习3

Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America's "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.

The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction — as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.

Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Technological developments

(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities

(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

2. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) working

(B) processing

(D) attraction

3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss

(A) foreign immigration

(B) rural life

(D) famous cities of the twentieth century

4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?

(A) Five percent

(B) Eleven percent

(D) Forty-six percent

5. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning to

(A) expensive

(B) exceptional

(D) necessary

6. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to

(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants

(B) farms and small towns

(D) industry and transportation

7. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) forced

(B) prepared

(D) motivated

8. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in line 23?

(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution

(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life

(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.

9. The word "them" in line 25 refers to

(A) urban areas

(B) ruralAmericans

(D) cities

10. The word "era" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) period of time

(B) location

(D) unique situation

11. The word "intriguing" in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) profitable

(B) attractive

(D) challenging

托福阅读答案：

DCADB CDBBA B

托福真题练习4

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.

Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word "essential" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(D) fundamental

3. The word "pertinent" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once

(lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word "succinct "in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word "it" in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(D) decision

11. The word "revise" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(D) predict

托福阅读答案：

ADADCABDBB C

托福真题练习汇总

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托福真题练习汇总

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