警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”

警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”，我们来学习吧,下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”

第一宗罪　无因果联系

The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.

第二宗罪　样本不足

The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.

第三宗罪　错误类比

The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....

第四宗罪　时地全等

The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....

第五宗罪　二者择一

The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.

第六宗罪　可疑调查

The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.

第七宗罪　结论无据

The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility

GRE issue写作优秀实例：挽救濒危物种

题目：

At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.

在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。

正文：

As the problem of ecological becoming more serious, there is much controversy over the issue of whether society should make extraordinary efforts to save endangered species. Somebody claims that we do not have to spend a great cost in money and jobs to do that result from that at various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct because of natural. However, I do not agree this argument.

Indeed, there are certain species would become extraordinary that is not relevant to human beings, however, which cannot be the excuse for society to shirk the responsibility to protect them. The Darwin's theory of evolution tells us that only the species which suit for the natural will live in the society. And there is also a saying in China that the fittest survive. To balance the ecological, natural itself will choose the best species that is useful, which will not destroy the biological system. However, since the human beings appeared, especially as the contemporary society developing, the extinction of the species is accelerated. This acceleration makes seriously influence on the natural, and destroys the balance of the geological. There is a mass of data showing that how many species disappeared every year, every day, every hour, even every second, which makes people extremely amazed. In recent years, the largest animal in the world--whale is catched and killed at a big quantity which used to making the whale oil and produce food for people's pets. As a result from human being's vanity and desire, many precious species are going to extinct. Undoubtedly, human being should be responsible for the destroys on the natural.

Additionally, keeping the balance of the geological system is important for human beings to live in the natural. We know that there are innumerable chains of biology in the geological, and human beings are one species in one of the chains. Every minute,we are absorbing energy from natural. Our foods come from different other species.Now the species are disappearing so fast that it is very impossible that the next species which extinct is the most important food source of human beings. Moreover, our body is benefit from innumerable ecological beings. Sometimes, certain boring insects (such as the mosquito, fly and so forth) are likely to have no benefit for us, and we must believe that we will live better if the mosquito all over the word disappeared. However,there will be a great number of antibodies that are poured into the human beings' body as a result from the mosquito biting us which increase our immunity from diseases.Then, spend a cost in money and a job to save endangered species is our responsibility.

In summary, besides human beings, every species in the natural are all equally. We are advance just on the intellect and emotion. We have no right to destroy other species. If we do that, we will be punished by the natural. So we should make our best efforts, no matter how great cost in money and jobs we have to pay, to save endangered species because the development of human beings accelerates the extinction of species.

GRE issue写作优秀实例：现代社会

题目：

So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.

现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。

正文：

Generally speaking, by saying looking back we general refer to look in retrospect about history, which, as claimed by British philosopher Francis Bacon, makes men wise.Concerning about history, the speaker maintains that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present since so much is new and complex today. In my view, although the speaker's statement is not without support from daily experience, it misses the point of the function of history.Let me illustrate it as follows.

Admittedly, during past decades we witness a great deal of changes and advance with an ever-greater speed that no any experience can serve as a panacea for any problem.It is because that the people living in the past time were not so intelligent as those living in the contemporary world, and their tunnel views can never stand comparison with our broad horizons. Thus it is reasonable to claim that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present. For example,how can we turn to history for the moral risks we face posed by cloning, if in retrospect no such a technology ever existed in the past times? And, how can we find answers about solving the psychological problems springing from increasingly fast living pace since in ancient no one would have ever imagined live in such a fast pace? So in this respect the speaker's claim that it is of little use to look back for guidance of living in the present, since so many problems that people living in the past simply could not imagine, not to mention leave a certain solution for their future generations.

Notwithstanding the foregoing concession, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present. In other words, history has little to do with present life, as the speaker asserts. History, in the first place, provides us some lessons which will help us make correct decisions when facing stubborn problems. After all, human knowledge is a cumulative database, and without the endeavor of past generations, such a fortune can never be found by people living in modern times. History informs us that any endeavor, policy, regulation trying to regulate morality will undoubtedly fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition in 1930's in U.S. and recent fail in regulating marital issues via internet. And we also slowly learn from the history lessons that any monocrat will doubtlessly fail, for the reason that the advance of society and human beings calls for a more civilized, democratic policy that those monocrats simply cannot bring about. For example, Hitler, Stalin, and many ancient emperors all failed with their despotic policies. In sum, history teaches us important lessons with the help of which there will be fewer mistakes in modern society.

Another reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker lies in the fact that history helps us determine the root, trend, and significance of certain enduring issues that have puzzled every society, for example, violence, wars, and alcoholism. Looking back to the history, one would definitely find that in different times, the policies and laws toward those kinds of issues have changed over period and period; yet they still exist, and even become worsen. Do those crimes find their roots in the deep nature of human beings, or they simply reflect that we are unsatisfied with the society we are living, and thus seek for a way to relieve sorrows? Do those policies, laws, regulations mirror the attitudes of governments, leaders, society toward these crimes, or simply they just come out from a necessity to wield the power? Looking back to the history helps us understand how those issues have varied over centuries and how every policy influence those issues. And in this respect, the speaker's contention may seem to be totally specious at best.

And a third reason why I am in favor of turning to history for guidance lies in the fact that by doing so, an individual would find the goals, objectives, careers he/she should pursue. After all, the stories of accomplished celebrities often provide us with motivations to attain a similar success. No one will deny the fact that there is at least one famous person whose story we read incites us a kind of feeling that never ever have provided by parents, friends, and teachers before: a feeling that arouse our deep wish to become an accomplished person. Thus by claiming that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present, the speaker actually denies the importance of history in motivating individuals, which is proved to be vital to the development of both society and history.

To sum up, from the analysis above, it can clear be seen that although sometimes looking back to the past provide us little use in solving some modern problems, history,on the whole, has much to do with modern society, and by looking back to for an understanding of the past actually provides us great guidance for living in the present.

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