托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词汇总

托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词汇总, 快速看懂文章从此开始。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词汇总，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词汇总 快速看懂文章从此开始

1、Reason原因 ( because)

since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

2、Example举例 (for example)

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

3、And 并列关系 (and)

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

4、Sequence 顺序 (then)

出现的时候表示列举

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

5、Consequence 结果 (so)

前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

6、Contrast转折 (but )

表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

7、Certainty 确定 (of course)

强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

8、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )

后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

9、Time 时间 (when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

10、Summary 总结 (in a word)

作者的最后总结

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word

托福阅读：句子简化题中的意群指代和逻辑

The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

O The resources needed by the growing hunting and gathering population increased rapidly once temperatures rose.

O Dramatic temperature increases andthe simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need for more resources.

O Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources, thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.

O The dramatic temperature increase occurred during the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.

STEP 1: 先分析逻辑标识：allow for 表示允许，导致;due to 表示因为。

STEP 2: 意群简化 “The temperature…centuries”用A指代，”a growth …population”用B指代, ”the abundance of resources”用C指代。

STEP 3:原句简化为A allowing for B due to C (A 导致B且B因为C, 即A→B & C→B)

STEP 4: 归纳得出B为最后的结果，即 growth of population 为最后结果。

选项分析：

A. The resources (needed by the growing hunting and gatheringpopulation) increased rapidly once temperatures rose.

错误：括号内为后置定语可以忽略，主干表示一旦气温上升物资增加。并没有提到我们需要的结论(人口增加)。

B. Dramatic temperature increases and the simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need for more resources.

错误：led to 表示导致，B选项的结论为the need for more resources (对于物资需求增加)，与原句的结论(人口增加)不符。

C. Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources,thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.

正确：本句逻辑为A→C→B, 的确B为结果(人口增加为结果)，合理构造了A→C的关系。

D：The dramatic temperature increase occurredduring the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.

错误：迷惑性非常强。我们看这句：Mysister was having a burger when I came home. When 表示主句和从句发生的同时性，主从句并没有直接因果关系。所以D选项逻辑为 A When C→B (A和C→B同时发生)，但原句明显有A→B的逻辑，选项D中忽视。

托福阅读：读懂句子，攻克托福阅读简化题

在托福阅读的框架中讨论读懂句子的方法，那么一定逃不开句子简化题。这个题型是对我们是否能读懂句子最直接的考察。我们先来看一下这个题型的提问方式：

Which of the sentences below best expressthe essential information in the highlighted sentences in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.

这个题型要求我们选出表达高亮句“核心信息”的选项，所以我们在做题时，第一步就是要读出原句的核心信息，第二步再将这个核心信息与选项一一比对，排除核心含义不符的选项。而对于任何一个句子来说，它内容上的核心一般与语法上的主干相对应。所以做题时，我们可以略读句子的次要信息，先抓住主干和核心进行排除。下面，我们将用两个一易一难的题目，来具体讲解这个思路，帮助大家掌握阅读句子的方法。大家在看分析之前，一定要自己先思考选出答案哦。

例题1：TPO9 Passage1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast (Paragraph 3)

Fladmark’s hypothesis received additionalsupport from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

A. Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.

B. Fladmark’s hypothesis states thatthe west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.

C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native Americas languages occurs along thewest coast of the Americas lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis.

D. According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along west coast of the Americas.

下面，大家来校对一下答案吧，这题的正确答案应该是C. 我们一起来看看该如何分析吧：

我们遵循以上的做题思路：

1. 读出原句的基本含义，既语法上的主谓宾。在原句中，主语是Fladmark’s hypothesis，谓语动词是receive，宾语是support.在support之后的from the fact是一个介词短语，属于次要信息。而在fact之后由that引导的同位语从句旨在阐述fact的具体内容，也属于次要信息。所以这句话最中心的意思就是Fladmark’s hypothesis received support(假设得到了支持).

2. 接下来，我们就需要将上面读出的句子的中心含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除啦。

• 我们先看A选项。A选项的前半句是一个原因状语从句，属于次要信息，该句的主干是itdisplays the greatest diversity(它展现了最大的多样性)，核心明显与原句不相符，直接排除。

• 然后，我们看B选项。B选项的主干是Fladmark’s hypothesis statethat…(假设表明…)，that之后引导宾语从句，阐述“表明”的具体内容，核心也没有提到“假设被支持”，直接排除。

• 接下来我们看C选项。C的主语是Thefact. 这个句子的谓语动词很多同学会找错。在fact之后是that引导的同位语从句，occur是从句中的动词，而这个句子主句的谓语动词是lends. 所以这句话的结构是Thefact that…lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis(事实借给假说力量)，与原句主要信息相同，作为备选答案。

• 最后，我们来看一下D选项。D选项的主语是NativeAmerican language，动词是survive, 所以D选项的主要含义是NativeAmerican languages have survived the longest(本土美国语言存活最久)，也与原句的核心含义不相符，排除。

3. 所以这个题，通过读懂句子的主要信息，我们就可以直接选出C答案了。

做完第一题呢，我来给大家总结一下。对于任何一个句子来说，不论是大家自己阅读，还是做简化题，亦或是做其他题型，我们都要抓住句子的重点、理解作者要表达的观点(readfor imformation and comprehension)，做到筛选出并读懂句子的核心，这样才能理解作者思想、做对题目。对于次要信息(状语、定语、介词短语等)，我们可以读，但是它们绝不是我们理解的重点。

那接下来，我们再做一道难度稍微大一些的简化题。大家仍然要自己先思考，再看解析哦。

例题2：TPO40 Passage2 Latitude and Biodiversity (Paragraph 2)

The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, sincethis tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and somebiogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of thiseffect.

A. Some biogeographers believethat the tropics have large surface areas than they actually do because of thedistortions produced by projections of Earth’s curved surface.

B. High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have moresurface area of land than the higher latitudes do, though distortions incommonly used projections may seem to suggest otherwise.

C. Because biogeographersdisagree on whether or not the tropics are correctly represented in projectionsof Earth’ssurface, it is difficult to determine the relationship their surface area hasto their diversity.

D. Most biogeographers agreethat the tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudesdo, but they disagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is areflection of that larger surface area.

这一题的正确答案选B，大家选对了吗?根据之前讲的步骤，我们来分析这个题的原句：

1. 读出原句的基本含义：这个题的原句非常长，但是我们可以略去两个省略号之间表示解释的内容。我们发现，该句话是一个and连接的并列句，有两套主谓结构。所以，我们在理清句子基本含义的时候，要注意这个句子是有两套主干，也就是有两层重要信息的，而这两层信息，是同等重要、缺一不可的。第一层是Thetropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes(热带包含比高纬度更大的表面积)，第二层是biogeographersregard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect(生物地理学家把多样性的不同看做面积不同的反映)。

2. 接下来，我们把这两层含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除。

• 首先我们来看一下A选项。A选项的主语是biogeographers，谓语动词是believe，宾语是一个that引导的从句thetropics have large surface areas than they actually do(热带的面积比它们实际上大)，这句话与原句的第一层重要意思不相符，而且选项A也没有写到第二层重要信息，所以直接排除。

• 接着，我们看B选项。B选项的主语干是High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact (热带高的多样性被归因于一个事实)，在“fact”的后面是一个同位语从句，表明这个事实的具体内容：thetropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do(热带的表面局比高纬度大)，这样原句的两层重要含义都体现在该选项之中了，后半句的though引导让步状语从句，属于次要信息。所以B选项暂时保留。

• 然后我们来分析C选项。C选项的前半句是一个because引导的原因状语从句，属于次要信息，我们可以暂且忽略。然后往后看到句子的主干：itis difficult to determine the relationship their surface area has to theirdiversity(很难决定表面积与多样性的关系)，这里缺乏了原句中的第一层重要信息，第二层重要信息也说错了，直接排除。

• 我们最后看一下D选项。D选项也是一个并列句，由转折连接词But连接。在but之前的小分句对应了原句的第一层意思，然而在But之后，theydisagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is a reflection of thatlarger surface area的意思是“他们不同意热带的多样性是否是表面积的反应”与原句第二层重要意思不符合。

3. 那么复合原句两层重要信息的就只有B选项了。

通过以上两个题目，我们可以看到，在做简化题时，我们最重要的思路是抓住一个句子的重点，这样做题准确率高而且速度很快。在托福阅读的其他题型中，句子的理解也是必不可少的，但是我们的阅读句子方法仍然跟上面所写的一样：抓住核心信息，详略结合地阅读。这种阅读的方法不仅仅适用于各种考试，也是我们再自己阅读小说、课本以及各种读物时所应该做到的。

托福阅读：修辞目的题的解法

本质上讲：对作者意图的提问

形式上讲：

Why does the author mention/discuss …?

The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.

The author uses … as an example of_____.

等等

做这类题目时有些同学往往会出现黑人问号，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!

其实，这类题目和托福其他题目一样，都是有套路的。至少，托福阅读里的修辞目的题是不会要求考生们对锅里的鱼眼里“诡异的光”进行理解的。

言归正传，那么做这类题目的套路究竟是什么呢?

首先我们要知道托福文章结构有一个规律，就是claim(观点)+detail(s)，换句话说就是给出一个观点，然后用一个或者若干个细节或者例子来支撑前面的观点。

不论是从文章整体架构，段落结构，还是更微观的行文结构来看，一般来说这个规律都成立。而修辞目的题实质上就是出题人把一个detail拎出来问你，作者为什么要提到这个detail。到这里，问题的关键就变成了找到这个detail对应的claim究竟在哪里。

最简单的模型就是，claim后面就一个detail支撑，这种情况下，自然detail前面紧挨着的那句话就是作者的观点，即提到这个detail的目的是为了说明前面的这个观点。

然而有时候，作者会用不止一个detail来支撑最前面的claim，模型视图如下

Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3

这种时候，如果出题人把detail 3拎出来问你它的目的，显然答案就不是为了支持紧挨着它的前面那句话了，而应该是遥相支持前面的前面的前面的那个claim。

根据以上原理，我们总结出了一个做题步骤，帮助大家高效地找到这个claim。

简言之，

1. 找出题目中的关键词

2. 用关键词定位原文

3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的顺序找到claim

4. 根据原文claim找到对应选项

可以看出，步骤1和2是在文章中找到题目里提到的detail的位置，当然，如果文中已经给你highligh出来了的话这两个步骤就省掉了

而步骤3才是在找claim

下面，我们来进行一个实操应用：

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

很明显，这道题需要我们自己去找到detail的位置，所以我们要从第1个步骤开始做起：找出题目中的关键词

examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毁的例子)

第2步，我们要拿着关键词到段落里面去找detail对应的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毁的例子

Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.

我们看下来后会发现有且仅有红色部分是一些摧毁生物的具体例子，清道夫、细菌、化学侵蚀等等，至此我们完成了第2步，定位出了detail对应的原句。

第3步，到这句话的前面找它对应的claim，这道题里，它前面只有一句话，那让我们来验证一下这是不是这个detail所支撑的观点呢?

When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.

(当一个人知道生物死后会被如此多的方式所完全分解毁灭，那他就会感叹世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思议)

看起来逻辑上可以成为生物被摧毁的例子所支撑的对象吧

那我们现在来做第4步，根据找出来的claim去选出最接近的选项

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

选项1是不是就是我们找出来的claim的同义复述呀?答案就是它了!

All in all，只要把握好题型背后的原理，妈妈再也不用担心你做不好修辞目的题了!

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