10大类托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系词

托福阅读文章篇幅很长，为了能在有限时间内看完文章并顺利答完题目，掌握一些快速读懂文章的技巧是很有必要的，今天小编给大家带来了10大类托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系词，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

这10大类托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系词你都认识吗?

1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )

后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

2、Time 时间 (when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

3、Summary 总结 (in a word)

作者的最后总结

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word

4、Example举例 (for example)

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

5、Reason原因 ( because)

since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

6、And 并列关系 (and)

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

7、Sequence 顺序 (then)

出现的时候表示列举

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

8、Consequence 结果 (so)

前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

9、Contrast转折 (but )

表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

10、Certainty 确定 (of course)

强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Question 41-50

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.

A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.

In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

4l. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The elements of salt

(B) The bodies of water of the world

(C) The many forms of ocean life

(D) The salinity of ocean water

42. The word "this" in line 5 refers to

(A) ocean

(B) evaporation

(C) salinity

(D) crystals

43. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in

(A) coastal areas

(B) tropical areas

(C) rainy areas

(D) turbulent areas

44. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT

(A) evaporation

(B) precipitation

(C) runoff

(D) melting

45. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best be

inferred from the passage?

(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.

(B) The speed with which water moves is directly related to the amount of salt.

(C) Ocean salinity has little effect on sea life.

(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.

46. The word "altered" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) determined

(B) changed

(C) accumulated

(D) needed

47. The world "it" in line 18 refers to

(A) sea ice

(B) salinity

(C) seawater

(D) manner

48. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?

(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations

(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters

(C) To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing

(D) To point out the location of deep waters

49. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?

(A) The salt remains in the water.

(B) The surrounding water sinks.

(C) Water salinity decreases.

(D) The water becomes denser.

50. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?

(A) It is relatively warm.

(B) Its salinity is relatively high.

(C) It does not move.

(D) It evaporates quickly.

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Questions 31-40

Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.

With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocal agreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.

The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.

Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area.

Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improved understanding of all concerns.

31. The passage mainly discusses

(A) the endangered species in Glacier National Park

(B) the protection of lands surrounding Glacier National Park

(C) conservation laws imposed by the state of Montana

(D) conservation laws imposed by Congress

32. Why are the private lands surrounding Glacier National Park so important?

(A) They function as a hunting preserve.

(B) They are restricted to government use.

(C) They are heavily populated.

(D) They contain natural habitats of threatened species.

33. The word "ones" in line 6 refers to

(A) private lands

(B) endangered species

(C) migratory routes

(D) ranching, timber, agriculture

34. The word "initiated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) started

(B) requested

(C) purchased

(D) considered

35. The relationship between park officials and neighboring landowners may best be

described as

(A) indifferent

(B) intimate

(C) cooperative

(D) disappointing

36. It can be inferred from the passage that a major interest of the officials of Glacier

National Park is to

(A) limit land development around the park

(B) establish a new Park in Montana

(C) influence national legislation

(D) settle border disputes with Canada

37. In lines 15-16, the author implies that landowners might be responding to environmental

concerns for which of the following reasons?

(A) They wish to stimulate economic growth.

(B) They wish to improve their public image.

(C) They have a tradition of cooperating with the government.

(D) They fear federal legislation.

38. The word "stimulated" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) motivated

(B) anticipated

(C) substituted

(D) undermined

39. The word "retain" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) preserve

(B) possess

(C) enjoy

(D) improve

40. Where in the passage does the author mention the purpose of the plan developed

by local landowners and park officials?

(A) Lines 1-2

(B) Lines 4-6

(C) Lines 10-14

(D) Lines 15-17