托福阅读备考中的注意事项
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托福阅读备考中的注意事项
1.考前没有认真背单词
单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多vocabulary的题目的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。而且，考生考T是为了什么?不就是为了出国吗?从这个根本目标出发，单词的积累也是重要的。或许有人会问，看哪本托福词汇书?实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题。关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。有人或许会问，专业词汇到底看不看，看的话当然最好，不看实际上也不影响理解文章并解答题目。如果考生时间比较紧张的话，还是建议不要背了，毕竟背单词是一个很杀时间的事情。
2.考前没有适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式
其实要想适应托福考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读文章。这里必须要强烈推荐TPO，原因对付阅读需要把ETS出题的角度和考题给出的正确选项都研究透了，才能保证练习的质量，也是真正可以提高咱们阅读能力的途径。
多问自己几个为什么，不要对完答案就把这篇阅读文章扔到一边，否则我们做再多的阅读针对性练习也只是为了寻求一种无谓的placebo effect.
3.注意到TOEFL考试的字体
每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的，某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感，等到考试的时候，看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样，可能会感到很别扭，很不习惯。这种情绪和考试中的紧张一结合可能会影响到考生的临场发挥，影响到最后的成绩。所以，还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial，这样与考试中英文字符的字体一样，到了考试的时候就会感到很亲切。很适应
托福阅读素材：心态年轻的人寿命更长
Age-liars and birthday-deniers... you'd best learn a thing or two from those who are young at heart. People who feel younger than their actual chronological age may live longer than those who feel older than they truly are, a new study says.
谎报年龄、否认生日……想要变得年轻，那么你最好试着学学那些拥有年轻心态的人。一项新的研究称，那些自我感觉比实际年龄小的人可能比那些自我感觉比实际年龄大的人更加长寿。
Perceived age might play a role in more than just how you feel. Results from the study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggest that people who feel a year or more older than they truly are could have around 41 percent greater risk for death.
感知年龄所起到的作用可能远远不止于你的感觉如何。从《美国医学协会杂志》(The Journal of the American Medical Association)的研究结果来看，那些感觉自己比实际年龄大一岁或好几岁的人会比一般人高出近41%的死亡风险。
University College London researchers looked at nearly 6,500 older adults, with an average age of 65.8 for the study. Around 70 percent of the subjects felt younger than they were, about a quarter felt their precise age and just under 5 percent felt a year or more older than they were, when asked "How old do you feel you are?"
伦敦大学学院(University College London)的研究人员调查了近6500名平均年龄为65.8岁的老年人。在回答“您感觉自己年龄有多大?”这个问题上，当中大约70%的老年人觉得自己比实际年龄小，约25%的人认为自己符合实际年龄，而只有不到5%的人认为自己比实际年龄大一岁或好几岁。
Those who felt older than they were had a higher death rate after a follow-up period of 99 months. While just 14.3 and 18.5 percent of people who felt younger or felt their age, respectively, died during those 99 months, 24.6 percent of those who felt aged beyond their years had died.
那些觉得自己年龄比实际大的人在接下来的99个月的随访期中死亡的可能性更高。而那些心态年轻以及心态岁数和实际年龄相当的人在接下来的99个月中的死亡可能性分别只有14.3%和18.5%，而那些觉得自己比实际年纪大的人有24.6%已经在这99个月中死亡。
The authors say more research is needed on the topic, but suggest it could be that those who feel "young at heart" have healthier behaviors and more resilience, giving them a stronger will to live. "Self-perceived age has the potential to change, so interventions may be possible. Individuals who feel older than their actual age could be targeted with health messages promoting positive health behaviors and attitudes toward aging," the authors write in the study.
作者称，还需要做更多的研究来论证这个话题，但也同时表示那些心态年轻的人有更健康的行为习惯及更好的抗打击力，使得他们有更加强大的生存意志。作者在该项研究中写道：“自我感知年龄的状况将会改变，使得实施预防措施变得可能。那些觉得自己比实际年龄大的人可以通过健康暗示来增强其对于衰老的积极行为和态度。”
The good news is, you can change your perception of how young you are. And other studies suggest that there could be more benefits to thinking yourself younger, besides a longer life. One recent study found that helping participants have positive feelings toward age, by showing them positive word associations, helped older adults improve in physical tasks like balancing and getting up out of a chair, in as little as four weeks. A 2013 study found that negative stereotypes of aging and poor memory can make older adults feel up to five years older, regardless of their actual mental abilities.
好消息是，你可以改变自己对年纪的认知。其他的研究也表明，心态年轻除了能延长寿命外，还益处多多。最近有研究发现，通过对老年人讲积极鼓舞的话，帮助他们对年龄保持乐观的心态的方式，能在短短四周内，提高老年人的身体机能：如平衡能力，从椅子上站起来的能力。2013年的一项研究发现，不论他们的实际心理能力如何，对衰老的消极刻板印象和记忆力衰退会使老年人感到自己比实际年龄老五岁。
There you have it. Age really should be treated as just a number.
现在你明白了，年龄真的应该仅仅被看成一个数字。
托福阅读素材：欧洲的岩洞艺术
Cave Art in Europe
欧洲的岩洞艺术
1.The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.
段落梗概：在发现的早期工艺品中，西班牙与法国南部的岩洞画显示出了高超的技艺，在非洲南部发掘出的自然石板画也是如此。而且通过考古发掘发现，非洲绘画与欧洲绘画一样历史久远;欧洲人在岩石和悬崖断面上作画的历史更久。
2.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances;(2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves;and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
段落梗概：研究人员指出西欧洞画的三个主要地点：(1)在明显有遮蔽可供人类居住的岩石和洞穴入口处，(2)在居住的洞穴一出门的走廊上(3)在洞穴所能及的最深处
3.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
段落梗概：绘画的主题大部分都是动物。在洞穴绘画中，很少描绘人物。并猜测了原因。后石器时代的人们也相信画人物像会引起伤害或死亡;人们在探索如何提高打猎的命中率;或许是出于增加猎物的需求而画的画。
4.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.
段落梗概：研究者们的研究结果更清楚地揭示了法国西南部的岩洞画的特殊象征性意义。研究显示，绘画者经常描绘的动物是喜欢食用的动物或喜欢用作兽皮的动物，另外画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物。结论：在旧石器时代晚期的人的经济中，岩洞艺术与打猎的重要性有关。
5.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.
段落梗概：旧石器时代晚期的艺术不仅仅局限于洞穴绘画。许多矛杆和类似的东西上都画了动物作为装饰。人类学家对旧石器时代晚期的一些雕刻品的解释意味着旧石器时代晚期的人们已经有了复杂的思维并对他们的环境有了一个理性的认识。人们还在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了以夸张的形式描绘妇女的小雕塑。
托福阅读素材：英国公主被命名为Charlotte
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have named their daughter Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, Kensington Palace has said.
肯辛顿宫宣布，剑桥公爵和公爵夫人已为女儿取名夏洛特•伊丽莎白•戴安娜。
The fourth in line to the throne will be known as Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge.
小公主的正式称谓将是剑桥公主夏洛特殿下，她是王室第四顺位继承人。
She was born on Saturday in the Lindo Wing of London's St Mary's Hospital weighing 8lbs 3oz (3.7kg).
小公主于5月2日出生于伦敦圣玛丽医院的林都院区，出生时重8磅3盎司(3.7千克)。
The Queen and other senior royals were told of the baby's name before the announcement was made public.
公主的名字在对外公布前已告知女王和其他资深皇室成员。
Charlotte, the feminine form of Charles, has a long royal pedigree and became popular in the 18th Century when it was the name of George III's queen.
“夏洛特”是与“查尔斯”对应的女名，有悠久的皇室命名渊源，18世纪时曾是乔治三世的王后的名字。
The King bought Buckingham House in 1761 for his wife Queen Charlotte to use as a family home close to St James's Palace - it became known as the Queen's House and is now Buckingham Palace.
1761年，乔治三世为夏洛特王后买下距离圣詹姆斯宫不远的白金汉府邸，一家人住在那里——这就是著名的女王府，即现在的白金汉宫。
Charles is the name of two former kings and of the Prince of Wales, the princess's grandfather.
历史上有两位叫“查尔斯”的国王，“查尔斯”还是威尔士王子(也就是小公主的祖父)的名字。
Charlotte also has more recent connections for the royal couple.
威廉夫妇的近亲中也有叫“夏洛特”的。
On the duchess's side, it is the middle name of her sister Pippa Middleton and on the duke's it is the name of his cousin Charlotte Spencer, Earl Spencer's youngest daughter.
从凯特这边来看，“夏洛特”是凯特妹妹皮帕•米德尔顿的中名;而从威廉这边来看，“夏洛特”是威廉表妹夏洛特•斯宾塞的名字。夏洛特•斯宾塞是斯宾塞伯爵最小的女儿。
The earl tweeted: "Perfect names. My 2-year old Charlotte Diana will be thrilled at cousinly name-sharing."
斯宾塞伯爵发微博称：“完美的名字。我们家两岁的夏洛特•戴安娜会很高兴有个跟她同名的表妹。”
According to figures from the Office for National Statistics, Charlotte is the 21st most popular girl's name in England and Wales with 2,242 babies being given it in 2013.
据英国国家统计局的数据，在英格兰和威尔士最受欢迎的女孩名字排名中，“夏洛特”位列第21，2013年有2242个女婴叫这个名字。
Elizabeth is 39th in the list but Diana is not in the top 100.
“伊丽莎白”在该榜单中排名第39，但“戴安娜”未进前100。
Vocabulary:
pedigree：血统;家谱
earl：(英)伯爵
托福阅读的题型简介
托福阅读离不开托福阅读词汇。在托福阅读题型练习中，同学们一定不能对托福阅读词汇掉以轻心。托福阅读篇章应用题不仅仅要求根据词汇、句法和语义内容理解具体的点和大意，而且要求认定文章的结构和目的。当你掌握了足够丰厚的托福阅读题型，那样在做托福阅读时便能很快的找到相对应的答题方法。
词汇题：
考查读者根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力。这种题型虽难度不大，但占每篇文章后所有题目的三分之一，故考生仍应重视起来。
指代关系题：
考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能力。
考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能力。
考查读者认定文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。
插话题：
考查读者将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。这个题型是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展，可谓技高一筹。
要完成任务，读者必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。这是新题型，有相当难度，考生应特别重视。
事实信息题：
考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。此题型虽然有难度，数量也较大，但属于老题型。
正误判断题：
考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断题中的短语哪些是正确的，哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。
推论题：
文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，结果引出了，推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问及比较的基础是什么。
如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。
修辞目的题：
考查读者透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的。
所有的托福阅读题型都是基于文章本身的，小编建议大家在备考的时候，可以从文章入手，结合题目的特点，更加有针对性的理解和掌握，而且也不容易出错。
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