托福听力3大重点考察能力训练方法
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托福听力3大重点考察能力训练方法精讲
托福听力考试考什么?考生需要具备哪些能力才能在托福听力考试当中斩获高分呢?今天小编给大家带来托福听力3大重点考察能力训练方法精讲,希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力3大重点考察能力训练方法精讲
托福听力提分首先要有逻辑分析能力
关于托福听力句子功能题、主旨类题型、组织结构题、内容连接题等题型，想要顺利应对考生就必须具备逻辑分析能力。句子功能题提问考生根据一句话来读出作者意图，回答这类题的托福听力技巧是不要只看字面意思，对话的功能和用意可能和说话者直接表达的意思是不相符的。例如，一个秘书问学生它是否知道宿舍办公室在哪里，她并不是想从学生那里问到宿舍办公室在哪里。要通过联系上下文内容选择答案。而且这类题目往往针对反问、虚拟语气、举例来出题，所以要特别注意。主旨类题目的托福听力技巧在于寻找对话的主题。比如，在教授的办公时间里，一个学生请教关于冰川论文的问题。他们的绘画包含了冰川的内容，但是对话的主题是学生需要写论文的一些帮助。这个对话中，对话者的主要目的并不是想传递关于冰川的看法。在校园服务对话中，通常学生尝试着解决问题。需要理解学生的问题是什么，如何解决，这些会帮助你回答好这类问题。在讲座类材料中，则需要从教授的课堂一开始就把握主题。
托福听力提分离不开快速理解能力
常见的考察基本理解的托福听力题目是细节题，所以考生在托福听力过程中要记好笔记。和托福阅读不同，托福听力中往往细节题是较难把握的。考生要注意在选择答案时，从主旨出发排除和主旨相悖的选项，而且也不要因为某个选项出现了听到的词汇就贸然确定答案。托福听力细节内容较多，记笔记时记什么?考生在备考中要分析托福听力真题细节题，学会把握托福听力重点细节内容。所以托福听力的细节题是比较难做的，这就需要大家具备听完就能理解然后分析出这是不是重要细节并做好记录的能力。
托福听力提分还要练就推理能力
需要用到推理能力的是托福听力题中的态度题和推论题。态度题需要考生听出观点及说话者感受，技巧是学会注意说话者的语气，是不是包含歉意，充满疑惑，满含热情。这就需要一定的推理能力了，特别注意对话者的用词也能有助解答此类题型。而推论题则需要考生根据细节推测，类似于托福阅读推论题，不过因为考生无法查找信息，只能在笔记中记好文章意思框架，再根据题干中出现的信息找到所在位置之后才能进行合理推论。
2020托福听力练习：人类和鸟类合作共享蜂巢
This is a story about the birds and the bees. When the Yao people of Mozambique want to find beehives full of honey they make this noise [brrrr-hm]. That sound attracts the attention of what are appropriately called honeyguide birds.
"If you ask Yao honey-hunters why they go brrrr-hm when they're looking for a honeyguide, they'll tell you, well, it's the best way to attract a honeyguide and to maintain its attention while you're following it to a bees' nest."
Claire Spottiswoode, of the University of Cambridge in England and the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
The Yao have long known that they could attract honeyguides vocally, as part of a rare example of a mutualistic relationship between people and wild animals. The humans get honey and the birds then get what they want—the previously unattainable wax of the beehive, which they consider a delicacy. Spottiswoode's study provides evidence that the humans are actually communicating with the birds.
"We wanted to specifically test whether honeyguides responded to the exact information content of the brrrr-hm call, which signals, if you wish, 'I'm looking for bees' nests,' so we wanted to distinguish that from the alternative that the call simply alerts honeyguides to the presence of humans."
Which the research team did—birds were much more likely to respond to brrrr-hm than to other sounds. The study is in the journal Science.
Honeyguides may help people, but to other birds they can be monsters.
"Honeyguides are the real Jekyll and Hyde of the bird world...like cowbirds or cuckoos, honeyguides are brood parasites—they lay their eggs in other birds' nests and exploit the care of other species to raise their young. And their chicks hatch with these very sharp hooks at the tips of their beak, which they use to stab the host young to death as soon as they hatch."
You can watch some of this horror-movie-worthy footage that Spottiswoode captured several years ago by googling the phrase "honeyguide murder."
As Africa becomes more urbanized, fewer people are engaging the birds to help them find honey. And the relationship between honeyguides and honey-hunters may be fraying.
"A young honeyguide hatches in the nest of another species knowing how to be a honeyguide. Because it doesn't have the opportunity to learn from its own parents. But then if that's not reinforced by experience, it's lost."
In the not-too-distant future then, honeyguides may still know where the beehives are—but they'll be keeping that information to themselves.
这是一个有关鸟类和蜜蜂的故事。当莫桑比克的尧族人民想要找到装满蜂蜜的蜂巢时，他们就会发出这样的声音。这种声音可以吸引被称作响蜜鴷的鸟类。
“如果你问尧族猎蜜人为什么在寻找响蜜鴷时发出这种声音，他们会告诉你，这是吸引响蜜鴷的最好方法，而且可以在找到蜂巢之前留住响蜜鴷的注意力。”
克莱尔·斯波蒂斯伍德来自英国剑桥大学和南非开普敦大学。
尧族人早就知道能用声音来吸引响蜜鴷，这是人类和野生动物之间互惠关系的罕见例子。人类获得蜂蜜，而响蜜鴷也会得到它们想要的——之前无法获得的蜂窝中的腊，这种鸟类将其视为珍宝。斯波蒂斯伍德的研究为人类和这种鸟类之间的交流提供了证据。
“具体来说，我们想测试的是响蜜鴷是否会对人类发出声音中含有的特定信息做出回应，这种信息传递的信号是‘我在找蜂巢'，我们想将这种声音和单纯警示人类存在的声音区分开来。”
研究团队发现，与其他的声音相比，鸟类对第一种声音的回应较多。该研究结果发表在《科学》杂志上。
响蜜鴷可能对人类有帮助，但是对于其他鸟类来说，响蜜鴷则如猛兽一般。
响蜜鴷是鸟类中双重性格的代表，如燕八哥或杜鹃一样，响蜜鴷是巢内寄生体——它们在其他鸟类的鸟巢中产蛋，然后利用其他物种抚育自己的孩子。同时响蜜鴷幼崽的喙部尖端呈钩状，一旦寄主的幼鸟孵化，这些响蜜鴷的幼崽就会用尖尖的嘴将其啄死。
斯波蒂斯伍德数年前捕捉到了这样的恐怖镜头，大家可以通过网络检索“响蜜鴷谋杀”进行观看。
由于非洲城市化的程度越来越高，依赖响蜜鴷来寻找蜂蜜的人越来越少。因此，响蜜鴷和猎蜜人之间的关系可能会受到损害。
“在其他鸟巢中孵化的响蜜鴷幼鸟知道如何寻找蜂蜜。可是它们没有从父母那里学习这种本领的机会。如果这种技能没有经验的强化，也会失传。”
在不远的将来，响蜜鴷可能仍然知道哪里有蜂巢——但是它们会保守秘密。
重点讲解：
1. respond to 回复;回答;回应;
例句：He responded to my suggestion with a nod.
他点头回应我的建议。
2. distinguish from 区分;辨别;分清;
例句：It's important to distinguish fact from fiction.
把现实与虚构区分开来是很重要的。
3. to death (用于动词后)以致死亡;
例句：He was beaten to death by thugs.
他被..殴打致死。
4. as soon as 一…就…;
例句：He will be set free as soon as the fine is paid.
只要交了罚款，他就会被释放。
5. keep sth. to oneself 把…秘而不宣;不将…说出去;
例句：I keep things to myself because I don't want shoulder anybody else with my problems.
我把事情藏在心底只是因为不想拿自己的问题去麻烦别人。
2020托福听力练习：引入美洲狮减少交通事故
Are you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside: because in the U.S. you're far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer bounding across the road.
Bambi and his kind cause more 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29,000 injuries, all because of 1.2 million collisions between vehicles and deer. Most incidents occur in the eastern U.S., where deer thrive without natural predators like wolves and mountain lions.
"That's the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem, and where it seems like an effective large carnivore restoration could make a really big difference."
University of Washington wildlife biologist Laura Prugh. She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions, also known as cougars, pumas or panthers, to parts of their historic range from which they've been driven out.
Crunching the numbers, the researchers say that bringing the big cats back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades. Each year would see five fewer human deaths, 680 fewer injuries and a savings of some $50 million.
"Cougars have shown that they can coexist in close proximity with people, with very few conflicts, in a lot of areas out west."
Still, some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of plan. After all, reintroducing predators doesn't come without risks to pets and to livestock, and very occasionally to people.
"Our fear of large carnivores is so primal and ingrained that I don't think it's possible to just completely override it with statistics…what I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more favorably inclined and maybe balance that fear a little bit."
Indeed, the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks. But it'll be a tough sell: the press will cover cougar attacks, but a statistically prevented death does not make the news. Nevertheless, "If people in Hollywood can put up with having mountain lions around, I would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well."
你害怕鲨鱼吗?你害怕蛇或蜘蛛吗?先把这些恐惧放到一边：因为在美国，你更可能因为马路上乱跑的鹿而受伤或者丧命。
鹿每年都会导致200多人丧命，约2.9万人受伤，这是因为机动车辆和小鹿发生了120万次碰撞。大多数事故发生在美国东部地区，由于鹿在这里没有狼、美洲狮等天敌，所以导致鹿群数量猛增。
“在美国的这一地区，小鹿和机动车发生碰撞是个严重的问题，似乎大型食肉动物族群的恢复可以产生巨大的影响。”
劳拉·普鲁夫是华盛顿大学的野生动物学家。她认为将之前被驱逐的美洲狮引入会有帮助。
来研究一下数字，研究人员表示，将这种大型猫科动物引入美国东部地区，这意味着在未来30余年，鹿和车辆发生的碰撞事件将会减少22%。每年的死亡人数将减少5人，受伤人数将减少680人，同时将节省5千万美元。
“研究表明，在西部很多地区，美洲狮可以与人类近距离共存，产生冲突的次数极少。”
但是，可能仍有人对这一计划感到担心，这也是可以理解的。毕竟，重新引入捕食者会给宠物、牲畜带来威胁，而且偶尔也可能会给人类带来不利。
“我们对大型食肉动物的恐惧是非常原始、根深蒂固的，因此我认为，不能仅仅依靠数据就完全将这种恐惧置之不理，我希望可以有明显的益处让人们赞同或平衡对此计划的抵触情绪。”
实际上，数据表明，与美洲狮袭击人类造成的死亡人数相比，引入美洲狮可以使因鹿导致的车祸死亡人数减少5倍。但这将是一项艰巨的任务：媒体仍会报道美洲狮袭击事件，但是却不会报道引入美洲狮可以避免人员伤亡的新闻。尽管如此，“如果好莱坞的人们可以忍受美洲狮的存在，那么我希望纽约的人们也可以勇敢面对这个挑战。”
重点讲解：
1. put aside 把…放在一边;忘记;不考虑;
例句：He put aside his work to spend more time with his son.
他把工作暂时搁下以便有更多时间陪儿子。
2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)倾向的;
例句：If you throw yourself at the girl, she's likely to run away.
如果你拼命讨好这位姑娘，她可能被吓跑。
3. after all 毕竟;终究;
例句：After all, he has had a good long innings.
他毕竟有一段很长的得意时期。
4. put up with 忍受;容忍;
例句：I can't put up with your hypocricy any more.
我再也不能容忍你的虚伪态度了。
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