托福听力对话讲座5大类必须记住信息汇总

表示转折的有：but, however, in fact, actually. But之后很有可能出考点。注意：“A...but B...”在这里B是重点。而且涉及到态度问题的时候，美国人喜欢把褒义放在前面，所以一般情况下but后面是贬义。A之前可能没有明显的暗示信息，所以A的内容容易被忽略。但听到but的时候必须把它之后，即B的内容记下来。根据“but”，我们也可以反推出A了。

表示解释的有：in other words, to put it in simple terms, which means, suggests，indicates. 在lecture中，如果某个学术词是考点，那么它必定有通俗的解释，而这些解释应该是能听懂的。所以听到以上这类词的时候，要把学术词记下来(可以记谐音)，并且理解通俗的意思。

表示同异分类的有: in common, similar, resemble, contrast with, distinction. 这是托福听力最喜欢考的题型之一。例如教授在philosophy的课上介绍了3位哲学家。应该借助这些逻辑关系词记下他们各自不同的观点，以及他们的共同点。

5. 记强调词

强调词可以理解为褒贬色彩特别鲜明的词汇，如important, interesting, extraordinary, strange, surprising / surprised. 这类词通常以 It is...的句型开头。当听到“it is important that...”或者“it is interesting to know that...”时，笔记重点应该是that之后的内容：它重要在哪里?为什么它会令人惊讶?......有强调词出现时常会考态度题。

2020托福听力练习：加固水坝有利鱼类繁殖

In the early 19th century the fur industry reached what was then known as the Oregon Territories. Lewis and Clark found massive numbers of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout there, swimming among the beaver dams scattered across the Columbia River Basin.

But in an effort to starve American interests, Canada's Hudson's Bay Company tried to create a "fur desert" by killing off as many fur-bearing animals as they could. As a result, beavers had all but disappeared from the area by the year 1900. And once the beavers and their dams were gone, fish populations dropped.

Today, steelhead trout numbers in the region continue to fall. But scientists and government agencies are working to restore their habitats.

"We're looking for restoration approaches in these areas to recover ESA-listed species, but we really don't know what works and what doesn't." Nick Bouwes of the environmental consulting firm Eco Logical Research and Utah State University.

He says that the U.S. spends a billion dollars each year to restore watersheds, but without any real empirical information to guide those efforts. So Bouwes and his team tested the idea that by helping beavers, they could help the fish.

Dams naturally alter the flow of streams, providing fish with a variety of suitable habitats. But the watersheds have become so degraded that there's not enough woody vegetation available for the beavers to build strong dams. The flimsy ones they do build get washed away whenever there's a big storm.

"The idea was, can we reinforce these dams so that they maintain their integrity during high flows, and can be maintained by beavers to capture that sediment, to reconnect that floodplain?"

For seven years, the researchers compared Bridge Creek, which had lots of artificially strengthened dams, to Murderer's Creek, which had none. And in Bridge Creek, the fish flourished—despite the view held by some that beaver dams are bad for fish. The results are in the journal Scientific Reports.

"Beavers, they're really good at making a mess of a system, and it's that messiness that's exactly what we're looking for, by creating more complex fish habitat."

And costing just $11,000 for each kilometer of stream, artificial dam reinforcements are much cheaper than conventional restoration methods—since the beavers do most of the work for us. And that is a dam good deal.

毛皮行业在19世纪早期进入到当时著名的奥勒冈领土。刘易斯和克拉克发现，大量的太平洋鲑鱼和硬头鳟在哥伦比亚河流域的海狸水坝中游来游去。

但是为了节制美国的利益，加拿大哈德逊湾公司试图创建一个“毛皮沙漠”，尽可能多地杀死毛皮类动物。因此，海狸在1900年时几乎消失殆尽。一旦海狸和它们创造出来的水坝都不见了，鱼类数量就会开始下降。

现在，该地区的硬头鳟数量仍在继续下跌。但是科学家和政府机构正在努力恢复它们的栖息地。

“我们正在这些领域寻找修复方法以恢复ESA名单上的物种，但我们真的不知道哪种方法有效，哪种方法没有作用。”这是环境咨询公司生态研究公司和犹他州立大学的研究人员尼克·鲍威斯所说。

他说，美国每年在恢复流域方面花费10亿美元，但是没有任何实证信息来指导这些努力。所以鲍威斯和他的团队测试了通过帮助海狸来帮助鱼类的办法。

大坝可以自然地改变河流的流动，为鱼类提供各种合适的栖息地。但由于水域质量严重下降，导致没有足够的木本植物供海狸建造坚固的水坝。只要有大风暴来袭，它们建造的劣质水坝就会被冲走。

“我们的想法是，能不能通过加强这些水坝使它们在高流动性期间保持完整性，由海狸采集沉积物去填补洪泛区来保持完整性?”

七年来，研究者将有过很多人工加固水坝经历的Bridge Creek与没有人工加固水坝经历的Murderer's Creek,相比较。虽然有观点认为海狸水坝对鱼类有害，不过在Bridge Creek，鱼类大量繁殖起来。这项研究成果刊登在《科学》杂志上。

“海狸非常擅长扰乱系统，而这种干扰正是我们所需要的，因为这样能创造出更多复合鱼类栖息地。”

与传统修复方法相比，每公里河流只需花费1.1万美元的人工加固大坝更加便宜，因为海狸为我们做了大部分工作。这是一桩相当划算的交易。

重点讲解：

1. kill off 全部杀死;灭绝;

例句：his spray will kill off any pests or insects.

这种喷雾能够消灭任何的害虫或者昆虫。

2. as a result 结果;后果;

例句：As a result, daily output has doubled.

结果日产量翻了一番。

3. wash away 冲垮;冲走;

例句：Flood waters washed away one of the main bridges in Pusan.

洪水冲垮了釜山的一座主要桥梁。

4. be good at 擅长的;精通的;能干的;

例句：I'm pretty good at water skiing.

我对滑水橇很在行。

2020托福听力练习：木星大红斑释放神秘能量

For most people, Jupiter's most recognizable—and mysterious—feature is the Great Red Spot. For centuries, astronomers have watched the storm spin across the giant world's face.

But for planetary scientists, Jupiter's most distinctive mystery may be what's called the "energy crisis" of its upper atmosphere: how do temperatures average about as warm as Earth's even though the enormous planet is more than fives times further away from the sun?

All the sun's giant planets display this energy crisis, and those in chilly orbits around other stars probably have it, too. So where does the energy to heat their upper atmospheres come from?

According to a new study, the energy must originate within the giants, get transported upward and become amplified by turbulent storms. The finding appears in the journal Nature.

This offers a new window into Jupiter's depths, and should allow researchers to better understand gas-giant atmospheres throughout the universe. And it's all connected to the Great Red Spot.

Astronomers have long known that auroral displays can heat Jupiter's poles, where charged particles trapped in the planet's intense magnetic field slam into its upper atmosphere. Some theorists thought this auroral heating could flow toward the equator to warm the planet's mid-latitudes. So, using NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility, astronomers observed Jupiter for nine hours, looking for these flows as thermal fluctuations in the planet's upper atmosphere.

But they saw none.

Instead, in Jupiter's mid-latitudes they spied a thermal spike 800 kilometers above the Great Red Spot, where temperatures soared hundreds of degrees higher than the surroundings. The best way to explain this spike is from the swirling maelstrom below, where turbulent atmospheric waves must generate heat by crashing together like breakers on a windy beach shore. Though this must be a planet-wide phenomenon, it is most obvious directly over Jupiter's largest, most powerful storm.

As alien as it seems, scientists have seen the same behavior on much smaller, gentler scales here on Earth, when thunderheads rising over mountain ranges create rippling waves that heat the air above.

对大多数人来说，木星最容易辨认、最神秘的特征在于：大红斑。数个世纪以来，天文学家已经观察到了木星表面这一风暴气旋。

但是对行星科学家来说，木星最最独特的神秘之处在于所谓的上层大气中的“能源危机”：木星这颗巨大行星到太阳的距离比地球到太阳的距离远五倍以上，可是为什么其平均温度却和地球一样温暖?

所有太阳系中的巨行星都呈现出这种能源危机，而那些在寒冷轨道围绕其他恒星运转的行星可能也会出现这种能源危机。那么，使上层大气升温的能源从何而来?

一项新研究表明，这一能源肯定源自巨行星，然后向上输送，并通过猛烈的风暴扩大。该项研究结果发表在《自然》杂志上。

这为探索木星深处提供了一个新视角，并且这一发现使研究人员可以更好地了解整个宇宙中巨型大气层的奥秘。而这一切都与大红斑有关。

天文学家很早以前就知道极光可以使木星的两极升温，这是因为被困在木星强磁场中的带电粒子和其上层大气发生了猛烈撞击。一些理论家认为，这种极光加热可以向赤道流动，从而使木星中纬度地区变暖。所以，天文学家利用美国航空航天局的红外望远镜设备观测了木星9个小时，试图在木星上层大气发生热涨落时寻找这一热流。

但是他们什么都没看到。

相反，在木星的中纬度地区，他们在大红斑上方800公里处发现了温度峰值，相比于周围的温度，这个地方的温度飙升了几百度。对此最好的解释是这种温度飙升来自下方的漩涡，那里的大气湍流通过互相碰撞产生热量，就像在起风的沙滩上拍打海岸的白浪一样。虽然这是一种宇宙现象，但木星最强大的风暴使其尤为显著。

虽然看起来很奇怪，不过科学家已经在地球上发现了规模较小、较温和的相同现象，当雷雨云砧上升越过山脉，就会产生加热上方空气的微波。

1. even though 即使;尽管;纵然;

例句：The book is a mirror of his life even though it is not a biography.

这本书虽然不是传记，但仍旧是他生活的写照。

2. come from 来自;始于;

例句：Correct ideas come from social practice.

正确的思想来自社会实践。

3. according to 依据，根据，依照;

例句：You've been in prison six times according to our records.

根据我们的记录，你曾入狱六次。

4. slam into 猛烈撞击;

例句：The plane slammed into the building after losing an engine shortly after take-off.

飞机起飞之后不久，就有一个引擎出现故障，随即便一头撞上了大楼。

托福听力对话讲座5大类必须记住信息汇总

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