托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
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托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
托福听力虽然不仅题型众多，而且不同的题型都有各自的针对性解题思路技巧，今天小编给大家带来托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
主旨题
主旨题是以录音材料的主旨大意作为考查内容的一种题型。主旨题的考查频率非常高，几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会考一道主旨题，有的录音材料甚至会考两道。主旨题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨题虽然考查频率高，但是相对来说解题难度并不大。大多数托福听力录音材料的主题都会出现在开头的1-2分钟内，有时主题的关键词或是关键词组在录音中还会被反复提及。考生只要抓住录音开头的内容，就能够解决大多数的托福听力主旨题。除此之外，解答某些主旨题必须将录音材料各段的主题加以归纳，才能够得出全文的主旨。只要考生听懂了每段话的开头几句，这些题目一般解题难度也不会很大。
细节题
细节题，顾名思义，就是考查录音材料中细节信息的题型。这是在托福听力所有题型中考查频率最高的一种题型，每篇录音材料平均都会考查3-4道题。这种题目考查的具体内容非常琐碎，时间、数字、回答的内容、列举的内容都能成为细节题的考查对象。要想做好细节题，考生需要对说话人提到的时间、地点、物品名称等多加留意。细节题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist" mean? According to the passage, what is the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
2020托福听力练习：大容量酒杯诱使人喝更多酒
Ever order a drink, and feel stiffed on the pour? Well, before you bother the bartender, take a closer look at the size of your glass. "So people will generally perceive there to be less in larger containers, than in smaller ones." Theresa Marteau, a behavioral scientist at the University of Cambridge, in England.
She and her colleagues had analyzed how larger portions — and larger plates — lure us into eating more food. And they wondered: could the same be true for alcohol?
So the researchers convinced the staff at a local bar to run an experiment: every two weeks, for four months, they'd rotate the bar's wine glasses from the standard 300 milliliter size, to either slightly larger — 370 milliliters, or slightly smaller — 250 milliliters. And see how the size of the glass affected patrons' drinking habits, even though the pour, the volume of alcoholic beverage, was unchanged.
Turns out, serving wine in smaller glasses had no measurable effect. But the large glasses boosted wine sales 10 percent — even after controlling for day of the week, temperature, holidays and so on. The reason? "When the wine, the same volume, is being served in a larger glass, then people are probably perceiving they've got less in there." Which, she says, means they might drink more, assuming they haven't hit their nightly limit. Or, they might just feel less satisfied with the pour, and buy another round. The study appears in the journal BMC Public Health.
Aside from altering her own habits — "I do use smaller glasses, yes"—Marteau says that, if subsequent studies confirm this effect, public health officials might consider mandating a certain average glass size. "Specifying the size, the maximum size in which wine can be sold could be a measure that's introduced to reduce the overconsumption of alcohol that seems to be cued by the glass size." Until that happens, the bar in the study now always serves its wine in the larger glasses.
在点的酒上来以后，你在倒酒时有没有觉得很不方便?在麻烦服务员以前，请你仔细观察一下酒杯的大小。“一般来说，人们认为大容器里面的酒比小容器里的少。”英国剑桥大学行为科学家特丽萨·马尔托说。
她和同事就大份量和大盘子如何诱使我们吃更多食物进行了分析。他们想知道：这对酒类是否同样适用?
研究人员说服当地一家酒吧的工作人员进行了一项实验：在四个月的时间里，每隔两周轮流将酒吧里酒杯300毫升的标准容量调至370毫升的大容量和250毫升的小容量。然后观察酒杯的容量如何影响顾客的饮酒习惯，在这一过程中，酒精饮料的倾倒和分量保持不变。
结果发现，用小容量酒杯供应酒没有产生明显的影响。但是使用大容量酒杯使酒的销售量上涨了10%，这是在控制供应天数，计算温度和假日等影响后得出的结果。原因是什么?“同样分量的酒以大容量酒杯供应时，人们可能会认为酒杯里的酒少了。”她说，这表明顾客在还能喝的情况下，可能会喝更多的酒。或者，他们可能会在倒酒时感到不太满意，然后会再买一杯。这一研究结果发表在《英国医学委员会公共健康》期刊上。
除了改变自己的习惯以外，马尔托表示她本人用小容量酒杯饮酒，她说，如果后续研究能确认这一影响，那公共建康官员可能会考虑对酒杯的平均容量进行规定。“对各类酒在出售时可以供应的酒杯容量进行规定，明确最大容量，这一措施可以减少因酒杯容量而引发的酒精过度消费情况。”在规定出台前，进行实验的酒吧仍在用大容量酒杯供应酒。
重点讲解：
1. convince sb. to do sth. 说服;
例句：I am seeking to convince Karen to go out with me.
我正试着劝说凯伦和我一起出去。
2. even though 即使;
例句：Even though he's old he's game for anything.
尽管他年岁已大,但他对什么都敢作敢为。
3. and so on 如此等等;
例句：These cars vary in size, price, colour and so on.
这些汽车在大小、价格、颜色等方面各不相同。
4. aside from 除了…外;
例句：Aside from canceling a few dates, I kept working.
除了取消了几个约会外，我一直在工作。
2020托福听力练习：研究或揭示狗的祖先是欧亚大陆的狼
In Jack London's The Call of the Wild, a pet dog named Buck winds up in the Yukon…where he succumbs to his desire to return to his wild cousins…the wolves.
"It's hard to say no to that call, isn't it Buck? It's all right boy.
Go ahead."
Of course, Buck himself was the descendant of wolves.
Wolves that lived more than 10,000 years ago.
"At this time people would have been hunting and gathering."
Laurent Frantz, a geneticist at the University of Oxford in the U.K.
Humans roamed across Eurasia.
They would eat, and throw scraps around their settlement.
Which attracts wildlife. Wildlife like wolves.
Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says:
those wolves that feared humans, and those that didn't.
"So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process."
At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets.
But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe.
And again in the far east, in Asia.
Frantz and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a 4,800-year-old Irish dog's ear bone, along with the genomes of hundreds of other modern and ancient dogs.
After building a family tree, they determined that dogs could have been first domesticated in Europe, at least 15,000 years ago.
But the data also point to another domestication in East Asia, more than 13,000 years ago.
Sometime after that, they say, humans from East Asia wandered to Europe… and brought their dogs with them.
Leading to a mixing of the two populations.
The study appears in the journal Science.
Frantz says most purebred dog breeds trace their origins to the 1800s.
But as this study reminds us—if you go back far enough, all dogs are mutts.
杰克·伦敦的小说《野性的呼唤》中，一只名为巴克的狗狗最终从人类文明社会返回狼群。
那样的呼唤很难拒绝，对吧，巴克!好了伙计。
走吧!
当然，巴克是狼的后代。
驯化过程.jpg
狼在10,000多年前就开始生活。
“那时候的人们一直过着群居及打猎的生活。”
洛伦特·弗朗茨是英国牛津大学的一位遗传学家。
人类横跨了欧亚大陆。
他们曾经在进食后将吃剩下的东西扔在定居点周围。
这就招来了野生动物，狼就包括在内。
而他表示随着时间的推移狼群会产生两派。
“那就是害怕人类的狼群及毫无惧意的狼群。
我认为这就促成了狼的驯化过程。
人类曾故意将狼当作宠物。
弗朗茨表示这种驯化过程曾经发生过不只一次，第一次是在西方的欧洲;
其次是在遥远的东方亚洲。
弗朗茨和他的同事们对4800年前爱尔兰狗的耳骨及数千只现代及古代狗的基因组进行了对比分析。
在建立家谱后，他们认为至少在15,000年前，狗就第一次在欧洲被人类驯服。
但数据也显示在13,000多年前，东亚也曾经有过驯服动物的行为。
而后的时间，研究人员认为东亚人带着驯服过的狗前往欧洲。
这导致两个种群的混合。
这项研究已在《科学》杂志上发表。
弗朗茨表示最纯种狗的起源能够追溯到18世纪。
但这项研究提醒我们，如果你追溯的足够久远，就会发现所有的狗都不是纯种。
1.wind up 收尾;煞尾
例句:The President is about to wind up his visit to Somalia.
总统即将结束对索马里的访问。
2.domestication process 驯化过程
例句:In their studies, the researchers also found that farmers have tried to develop ricevarieties expressing the GIF1 gene during the domestication process.
在研究过程中，科研人员也发现了在水稻驯化过程中，农民选择培育了GIF1高表达的水稻变种。
3.along with 随着
例句:I'll go along with you.
我将随同你一起去。
4.family tree 族谱;系谱
例句:A family tree shows our family members and relatives.
家谱表明我们的家庭成员和亲戚。
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