如何在短期内突破托福110

而关于单词，很多人会纠结于各种词汇书的优劣。但事实是，只要是正规出版的备考词汇书，选择任何一本对备考影响都不大。因为当背单词进入规律化和大量化之后，背单词就会成为一种机械行为。每天背单词的时候，你的脑海中只会思考“什么时候能把今天的任务背完?”而不是“这种逆序好像很好玩，这种按学科背单词似乎很有趣”等等。

只是需要注意的是，目前市面通行的各本词汇书都是以10年前的托福词汇书为蓝本编写，那个年代的托福考生大多是通过大学英语6级，词汇量在5500以上的大学生。大部分词汇书的词汇涵盖范围在8000左右，而书中的词汇基本是5500-8000这一范围内。

但目前的托福考试主力军中，大部分是词汇量3500左右的高中生，所以可能会出现背完托福词汇书后有些基础单词还不认识的现象。这种情况如果出现，可以考虑再买一本四级词汇书作为补充。

做题

基本功谈完了，接下来说做题。做题有几个基本原则。

1.不要太早开始做题

因为人的应考状态是有周期的，太早做题，太早出现做题状态，到了考前反而会没了手感。很多中学生由于学校课业负担问题，喜欢提早半年甚至一年开始准备，每天花一点零散时间做做题。这种复习效果，是远不如考前集中一段时间大强度训练的。

一般来说，集中做题从考前一个月左右开始就差不多了。

2.不要做太多

很多人在备考前，会把手上能找到的所有题目都给做了。但这样一来，首先是每套题都不会做的很深入。第二是现在托福考试次数众多，出国党对金钱也基本没有概念，所以托福多次刷分已经成为风气。但如果一次考试就把题目全部做光，下次考试(或者下下次和下下下次)就会无题可做。

所以每次考前，找出10套题反复做即可。这样在一个月的做题周期内，差不多一套题可以做3遍，基本是比较合适的。

3.不要挑拣

很多人在考前做题的习惯是，阅读猛练，听力练练，作文能不练就不练，口语根本不练。这也是四个部分考试成绩会有规律性差距的原因之一。但是，如果想冲级高分，四个部分是都必须要完整练习的，每天做题一定要一口气做完，不要早晨阅读下午听力。而且，最好在考前每天能按照考试时间做题，每天从8点半做到12点，这对自己考试出状态是非常有好处的。

托福各分项的专门性训练

1.托福阅读部分

第一是阅读。阅读是四个科目中，难度相对最低的一项，也是中国考生平均分最高的一项。

阅读的考前针对性训练主要包括两项。一是对做过的每篇文章做精读，要把其中的每个单词每个句子都彻底搞懂。二是集中性的做错题。

阅读到23分以后，一般会出现瓶颈期，在这段时间内会有无论如何练习分数都很难提高的现象。这往往是某种特定题型或某种特定题材的文章做不好的缘故，把所有的错题集中了反复做，一般就会有改善。

除此之外，阅读在做题中还会有几个容易让人纠结的问题。

(1)阅读速度慢

速度慢的一个重要原因是基本功欠缺，比如单词虽然背了但回忆时间很长，比如对长难句理解要花费过多时间。这些问题只能靠前期的基本功培养和精读来解决。而如果基本功过关，阅读速度依然不够，那么就是没有养成在限定时间之内读完文章的习惯。这就需要自己做题时每天掐着表，要求自己必须在规定时间内做完。保持这种严格限时状态一段时间，等自己养成快速阅读的习惯了，读的速度自然就提高了。

(2)先读题还是先读文章

事实上，这一点其实并没有太大影响。先读题再去读文章能够加快一点点阅读速度，但仅仅是一点点。所以先读哪一部分根据自己喜好定就可以。我见过有同学的阅读习惯甚至是，先读第一段，然后做题，做到第一段读的内容解不了的题了，再回头读第二段。这些方法都没所谓好坏，只要自己练的顺手就好。

2.托福口语和写作

接下来说口语和写作部分。这两个部分由于考核方式很相似，所以可以放在一起。口语和写作在复习时，首要的原则是稳小冲大。也就是说，口语的前2题和作文的独立写作部分要花大部分精力应对，而后4题口语和综合写作完全考察的是听和记的能力，平时只要每天练一套熟悉题型就行。而前2道口语题和独立写作部分，在开始每日一篇的练习之前，要自己分别搭建出一个能得到高分又涵盖足够篇幅的框架，或称为模板，然后每天的做题就是学习如何往里去套用这个模板。这个模板并不是通常所谓的开头结尾句，而是要尽量细化。

举例来说，我自己在当年备考时，有一个自己花了2星期写出来的280单词左右的模板。我写任何一道作文题，这280个单词都一模一样。例如第一个主体段永远用数字论证，第二个主体段永远是“假设有个叫John的人”，等等。我在考前复习的三个月中，就使用这个模板写了86篇作文。当然，口语的准备，也是一样的道理。

3.托福听力部分

四个科目最后说听力。听力的训练每天除了做题之外，可以算是四个科目中最需要训练基本功的。基本功训练的方法很多，比较常用的是听写和跟读。

首先，听写的作用不是为了在练习中听懂一篇文章。如果想听懂一篇文章，最简单的办法是看着听力原文听。但是看原文听听力，再难的文章只要词汇过关也肯定没问题，但其对听力的提高作用就微乎其微了。

(1)练习自己抓听力细节的能力

正确的听写方法是，每篇文章拆开，一句一句听。一句话一遍写不下来再倒回去放第二遍，反复放同一句话直到写下来为止，接着再听第二句话。试想，一个10个单词的句子，你第一次听如果写下了其中3个词，第二次的注意力就会自然集中在剩余的7个词上。第二次写出了7个词中的2个，第三次注意力就会放到剩余的5个。这样一来，自己对句子的细节就会抠得越来越细。很多人听听力的长文章，总觉得大概意思能听个囫囵，但具体到一词一短语就听不出来，这就是自己不具备抠细节的能力，而这就是听写所能改善的。

(2)找寻自己的听力薄弱点

上面那段说了，每句话反复听写，一直到自己全写下来为止。但真正去练习以后就会发现一定有一些内容属于无论如何反复听都不明白是什么的，这些东西就是你的听力薄弱点。自己这时候要针对这些薄弱点去分析听不出来的原因是什么，是单词、语音还是其它，然后针对薄弱环节练习，提高就快了。

(3)练习自己集中精神的习惯

听听力的时候会走神是一个常见现象，而一旦动上笔，精神会自然更加集中，因为一旦分心就会写不下去。只要精神集中程度提高了，听力水平自然有所提高。

至于说跟读，也是一个很好的听力练习法，但在集中精神训练、找寻自己听力弱点上效果不如听写。所以在我的课堂上，我都要求学生先练听写，等听力水平已经稳固，并且听写练习进入瓶颈期，感觉对听力的提高已经不明显的时候，再去练跟读。

最后得说点题外话，任何学习方法都不是完美的，但只要有很多人曾经使用过，就证明这个方法一定有其作用。想去找一件事的错处比坚持这件事要难得多，方法其实谁都会，差别只不过是能不能坚持。成功的人往往都是在一种笨办法上坚持了下去，而不是整天自以为聪明地找什么效率高的捷径。听写到底有没有用，你不妨自己每天练2小时，坚持一个星期，你自然会知道。

另外，听力在平时的训练中，要尽量不使用耳机。因为使用外放去听效果是要比耳机差很多的，所以我们在平时的训练中就反其道而行之，效果就会更好。这样一来，备考中的第二项做题就讲完了。

4.托福口语部分

口语和写作的规律主要是自我模板的总结，上文已经有了描述。而听读两项，就主要涉及到所谓的解题技巧了。这里面包含的内容很细碎，例如“听力预测题答案一般在结尾且由提问对象的对立面提出”、“时间类细节基本考8不考9”。靠自己去总结，说实话很难，如果不打算上课，那就多上上各种网站，遇到具体问题再问，可能可以解决一部分这方面的困扰。

最后要说：

任何考试的准备，都需要长期而稳定的复习过程，问题标题里的“快速达到110”，本来就是个难以实现的愿望。从开始准备到最后考试，一般没有起码3-4个月的复习周期，考出好成绩的可能性是很小的。切记。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from theearly Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture ofalkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in thecommunities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.

Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making eitherwould do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potashfrom those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlersof the North American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy ofcolonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for theglassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity topermit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship toarrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open,and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and waterwas poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. Theresulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.

In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land foragriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recoveredby the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in theseventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly ofshipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade atJamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts to encourage the making of potash,beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of thesubstance.

1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it was made

(B) Its value as a product for export

(D) Its importance in colonial North America

2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:

(A) They are alkalis.

(B) They are made from sea plants.

(D) They are used in making glass.

3. They phrase the latter in line 4 refers to

(A) alkali

(B) glass

(D) soap

4. The word stressed in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) defined

(B) emphasized

(D) mentioned

5. The word interchangeable in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) convenient

(B) identifiable

(D) advantageous

6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North

America because

(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available

(B) making potash required less time than making soda

(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use

7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT

(A) wood

(B) fire

(D) water

8. The word adjunct in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) addition

(B) answer

(D) possibility

9. According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that

(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods

(B) it helped finance the creation of farms

(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking

10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems

for southern settles?

(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.

(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.

(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.

PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD

托福阅读真题原题+题目

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.

Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.

Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.

Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance

(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center

(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because

(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets

(B) the High Street Market was forced to close

(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tradition

(B) association

(D) region

4. The word it in line 6 refers to

(A) the crowded city

(B) a radius

(D) the period

5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) returned

(B) started

(D) continued

6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held

(A) on the same day as market says

(B) as often as possible

(D) whenever the government allowed it

7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that

(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell

(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia

(D) could easily be transported

8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) eliminate

(B) exploit

(D) operate

9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants' side ?

(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.

(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.

(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.

10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) requesting

(B) experiencing

(D) including

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