雅思阅读之找小标题作题技巧
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雅思阅读解题技巧丨Heading题型 找小标题作题技巧
1.题型要求
文章由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。
本题型不是让你写出每段话的小标题，这样不好评判对错。而是要求从选项列表(list of headings)中选择。在现在的考试中，选项的数目往往大大多于文章中段落的数目，假如文章有五段话，选项的数目很可能是十个，甚至十二个。也就是说，有很多干扰选项。
题目形式通常是文章中的一段话标出小标题作为例子，要求选余下段落的小标题。给出小标题通常是原文的第一段。在考试中，该题型A类每次必考一组，共5题左右。有时会考两组，共十题左右。G类不是每次必考，考的时候，一般只考一组，共五题左右。
2.解题步骤
(1)先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划去，同时，不读例子所在的段落。
每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，两个段落的小标题不可能是一个选项。这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的，原文将他们分为不同的段落，就是要分别说不同的内容。如果两段的主旨相同，即表达的中心思想一致，应该将它们合为一段，是没有必要分为两段的。
有时，这类题目的要求中有这样一句话：You may use any heading more than once(你可以使用任何小标题超过一次)。这句话纯属误导，也就是说，即使题目的要求中有这句话或类似的话，任何选项也不可能被使用两次以上。既然每个选项最多只能用一次，所以例子所在的段落已经使用的选项是不会被其它段落使用的，将其划去，以免被其它的段落误选。而且在选其它段落的答案时，可以不看该选项，节省时间。例子所在的段落已经给出了小标题，所以不必阅读该段落了，以免浪费时间，直接从下一段读起。
(2)不要先看选项，而要从文章入手，读一段话，做一道题。
大家先想一下，下面的做题方法好吗?先看第一个选项，读懂它的意思。然后读原文的各个段落，判断该选项是愿文纳个段落的小标题。然后按照同样的方法处理其余的各选项。这样的做法不好。因为选项的数目远远大于原文段落的数目。所以这样做，不仅花费的时间很多，而且极易受到干扰选项的误导。很可能第一个选项就是干扰项，你花费了很多时间，将这个选项与原文的各段落相对照，结果发现它是一个干扰项，这已经浪费了很多时间。
正确方法：
先不要看选项，而是要先读文章。读文章的时候，不要一下把文章全读完，而是读一段话，做一道题。假如原文的第一段已作为例子给出，那么，先读第二段，然后到选项列表中找该段话的小标题。然后再读第三段，同样处理，直至完成。这样做，不仅速度快，而且准确率高。
(3)读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
读每段话时，并不是该段落全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的的主题句。先读该段话的第一句，然后，与选项列表中大各选项一一对应，确定正确答案，正确选项一般就该句话的改写。如果答案不能确定，应再读该段话的第二句，然后，与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果答案还是不能确定，应再读该段话的最后一句，再与选项列表中大各选项一一对应。如果还是找不到正确答案，则就需要阅读整段话了。根据统计，段落的主题句在第一句的可能性超过50%，段落的主题句在第二句的可能性超过20%，段落的主题句在最后一句的可能性超过20%。也就是说，按照上述方法做这种题型，读完该段话的第一句，就能在选项列表中找出该段话的Heading, 这种可能性超过50%。整段话都需要阅读的可能性不到10%。这个做题方法不仅有统计数据的依据，还有理论的基础。英文段落展开的方法比较简单，主要有两种：演绎法(deductive method)及归纳法(inductive method)。演绎法指的是由观点到例子及论据，所以主题句在该段话的第一句，但有时，第一句是个过渡性或描述性的句子，主题句有可能放在放在该段话的第二句，总之，主题句在第一句或第二句，都是deductive method。Inductive method 是指由例子及论据到观点，所以主题句在该段的最后一句，70%左右的段落使用deductive method写的，而且其中绝大部分主题句在第一句。20%左右的段落是用inductive method写的。
有的人会问：我怎么知道某段话是用演绎法写的，还是归纳法写的?是的，不读完整段话，是不知道的。但读完整段话，很浪费时间，而且，由于文章句子结构复杂，再加上有一些不熟悉的单词，很可能你也读不太懂。所以，若读完整段话在来选择该段的Heading, 不仅时间不够用，而且往往正确率也不高。
上面介绍的方法，就是按照概率，首先认为段落是用演绎法写的，而且主题句在第一句，按照第一句的意思，在选项列表中确定正确答案。如果选项列表中有一项与这句话的意思相同，即可认为是正确答案。如果不能确定，再依次读该段话的第二句和最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，确定正确答案。实践证明，这种方法不仅节省时间，而且正确率也很高。
(4)某段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去。
前面已经讲过，每个选项最多用一次，也就是说，不可能两个段落的小标题是一个选项。所以，一段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去，以免被误选为其它段落的小标题。而且在选其它段落的答案时，可以不看选项，节省时间。但某段话的答案不太确定，如第三段可能是C，也可能不是C，这时不能将C从选项列表中划去。
NOTICE
(1)如果答案不确定，先将可能的选项全部选出。
(2)干扰选项的特点是：段落中未展开说明的细节。
(3)如果主题句比较复杂(如复合句)，应重点看主句部分。主题句中，常常有如下的句式：
Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact……的中文意思是：“虽然…，但是…”。前面是个让步状语从句，后面是主句，要说明的观点在主句中。
(4)如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句。show和suggest是“表明”、“说明”的意思，其后的宾语从句往往是要说明的观点，是该段的主旨。
(5)如果主句是not only…but also句型，应重点看but also后面的部分。Not only…but also的意思是“不仅…而且…”，常用来承上启下。not only的后面是“承上”，即上一段主旨，but also 后面的部分是“启下”，即本段的主旨。所以重点看but also后面的部分。
(6)问句不会是主题句问句通常作为引题，是过度性的句子。
(7)举例子的句子不会是主题句
(8)正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。例：某段话的第一句(主题句)为Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey.
有个选项为：
L. Female Studens
原句的意思是：在调查中，女生的数目超过男生的数目。
上述选项只提到了女生，所以它不对。应用本条规律，你会发现它与主题句中的词female students一模一样，所以也应该怀疑它不是正确选项。
正确选项为：Gender
Gender的意思是“性别”。在主题句中并没有这个词，可见正确答案应是主题句的改写。
(9)如果需要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词句
A. 反复出现的词B. 括号里的词C. 引号里的词D. 黑体字 E.斜体字
总结：
每个选项只能用一次，常常是主体句的改写
读一段话做一道题，选出一个就在选项里划掉一个选项
通常看原文的第一句，第二句和最后一句
出现复合句，重点看主句部分。Although/while/despite等，后面是主句
出现show/suggest时，看宾语丛句。
出现not only… , but also…时，看but also后面。
问句不会是主题句，举例子不会是主题句。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-Flight from reality
Flight from reality
Mobiles are barred, but passengers can lap away on their laptops to their hearts’ content. Is one really safer than the other? In the US, a Congressional subcommittee grilled airline representatives and regulators about the issue last month. But the committee heard that using cellphones in planes may indeed pose a risk albeit a slight one. This would seem to vindicate the treatment of Manchester oil worker Neil Whitehouse, who was sentenced last summer to a year in jail by a British court for refusing to turn off his mobile phone on a flight home from Madrid. Although he was only typing a message to be sent on landing not actually making a call, the court decided that hems putting the flight at risk.
A
The potential for problems is certainly there. Modern airliners are packed with electronic devices that control the plane and handle navigation and communications. Each has to meet stringent safeguards to make sure it doesn't emit radiation that would interfere with other devices in the plane-standards that passengers' personal electronic devices don't necessarily meet. Emissions from inside the plane could also interfere with sensitive antennae on the fixed exterior.
B
But despite running a number of studies, Boeing, Airbus and various government agencies haven't been able to find clear evidence of problems caused by personal electronic devices, including mobile phones. "We've done our own studies. We've found cellphones actually have no impact on the navigation system," says Maryanne Greczyn, a spokeswoman for Airbus Industries of North America in Herndon, Virginia, Not do they affect other critical systems, she says The only impact Airbus found? "Sometimes when a passenger is starting or finishing a phone call, the pilot hears a wry slight beep in the headset," she says.
C
The best evidence yet of a problem comes from a report released this year by Britain's Civil Aviation Authority. Its researchers generated simulated cellphone transmissions inside two Boeing aircraft. They concluded that the transmissions could create signals at a power and frequency that would not affect the latest equipment, but exceeded the safety threshold established in 1984 and might therefore affect some of the older equipment on board. This doesn’t mean "mission critical" equipment such as the navigation system and flight controls. But the devices that could be affected, such as smoke detectors and fuel level indicators, could still create serious problems for the flight crew if they malfunction.
D
Many planes still use equipment certified to the older standards, says Dan Hawkes, head of avionics at the CAA's Safely Regulation Croup. The CAA study doesn't prove the equipment will actually fail when subjected to the signals, but docs show there's a danger. "We've taken some of the uncertainty out of these beliefs," he says Another study later this year will see if the cellphone signals actually cause devices to fail.
E
In 1996, RTCA, a consultant hired by the Federal Aviation Administration in the US to conduct tests, determined that potential problems from personal electronic devices were "low". Nevertheless, it recommended a ban on their use during "critical" periods of flight, such as take-off and landing. RTCA didn't actually test cellphones, but nevertheless recommended their wholesale ban on flights, But if "better safe than sorry" is the current policy, it's applied inconsistently, according to Marshall Cross, the chairman of Mega Wave Corporation, based in Boylston, Massachusetts. Why are cellphones outlawed when no one considers a ban on laptops? "It's like most things in life. The reason is a little bit technical, a little bit economic and a little bit political,” says Cross.
F
The company wrote a report for the FAA in 1998 saying it is possible to build an on-board system that can detect dangerous signals from electronic devices. But Cross's personal conclusion is that mobile phones aren't the real threat. "You'd have to stretch things pretty far to figure out how a cellphone could interfere with a plane's systems," he says. Cellphones transmit in ranges of around 400, 800 or 1800 megahertz. Since no important piece of aircraft equipment operates at those frequencies, the possibility of interference is very low, Cross says. The use of Computers and electronic game systems is much more worrying, lie says. They can generate very strong signals at frequencies that could interfere with plane electronics, especially if a mouse is attached {the wire operates as an antenna or if their built-in shielding is somehow damaged. Some airlines are even planning to put sockets for laptops in seatbacks.
G
There's fairly convincing anecdotal evidence that some personal electronic devices have interfered with systems. Air crew on one flight found that the autopilot was being disconnected, and narrowed the problem down to a passenger's portable computer. They could actually watch the autopilot disconnect when they switched the computer on. Boeing bought the computer, took it to the airline's labs and even tested it on an empty flight. But as with every other reported instance of interference, technicians were unable to replicate the problem.
H
Some engineers, however, such as Bruce Donham of Boeing, say that common sense suggests phones are more risky than laptops. "A device capable of producing a strong emission is not as safe as a device which does not have any intentional emission," lie says. Nevertheless, many experts think it's illogical that cellphones are prohibited when computers aren't. Besides, the problem is more complicated than simply looking at power and frequency. In the air, the plane operates in a soup of electronic emissions, created by its own electronics and by ground-based radiation. Electronic devices in the cabin-especially those emitting a strong signal-can behave unpredictably, reinforcing other signals, for instance, or creating unforeseen harmonics that disrupt systems.
I
Despite the Congressional subcommittee hearings last month, no one seems to be working seriously on a technical solution that would allow passengers to use their phones. That's mostly because no one -besides cellphone users themselves-stands to gain a lot if the phones are allowed in the air. Even the cellphone companies don't want it. They are concerned that airborne signals could cause problems by flooding a number of the networks' base stations at once with the same signal This effect, called bigfooting, happens because airborne cellphone signals tend to go to many base stations at once, unlike land calls which usually go to just one or two stations. In the US, even if FAA regulations didn’t prohibit cellphones in the air, Federal Communications Commission regulations would.
J
Possible solutions might be to enhance airliners' electronic insulation, or to fit detectors which warned flight staff when passenger devices were emitting dangerous signals. But Cross complains that neither the FAA, the airlines nor the manufacturers are showing much interest in developing these. So despite Congressional suspicions and the occasional irritated (or jailed) mobile user, the industry's "better safe than sorry" policy on mobile phones seems likely to continue. In the absence of firm evidence that the international airline industry is engaged in a vast conspiracy to overcharge its customers, a delayed phone call seems a small price to pay for even the tiniest reduction in the chances of a plane Crash. But you'll still be allowed to use your personal computer during a flight. And while that remains the case, airlines can hardly claim that logic has prevailed.
Question 14-17
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
The would-be risk surly exists, since the avionic systems on modern aircraft are used to manage flight and deal with ___14____. Those devices are designed to meet the safety criteria which should be free from interrupting ___15____ or interior emission. The personal use of mobile phone may cause the sophisticated ___16____ outside of plane to dysfunction. Though definite interference in piloting devices has not been scientifically testified, the devices such as those which detect ___17____ or indicate fuel load could be affected.
Question 18-22
Use the information in the passage to match the Organization (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
A. British Civil Aviation Authority
B. Maryanne Greczyn
C. RTCA
D. Marshall Cross
E. Boeing company
18. Mobile usages should be forbidden in a specific fame.
19. Computers are more dangerous than cell phones.
20. Finding that the mobile phones pose little risk on flight's navigation devices.
21. The disruption of laptops is not as dangerous as cellphones.
22. The mobile signal may have impact on earlier devices.
Question 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given
23. Almost all scientists accept that cellphones have higher emission than that of personal computers.
24. Some people believe that radio emission will interrupt the equipment on plane.
25. The signal interference-detecting device has not yet been developed because they are in priority for neither administrative department nor offer economic incentive.
26. FAA initialed open debate with Federal Communications Commission.
篇章结构
体裁
论说文
题目
电子信号影响飞行
结构
A段- 机舱内部发射电频信号的风险
B段- 但是，航空公司与政府目前没有证据表明风险属实
C段- 仅有的一个证据表明手机信号对飞行中的飞机的干扰--英国民航局进行的一项实验
D段- 内部的信号确实会带来风险，但未必会使得飞机的仪器失灵
E段- 尽管手机信号对飞机的干扰较低，依然禁止使用。原因有三个方面
F段- 电脑在飞机上的使用实际上比手机更加有风险
G段- 一则趣闻-某人使用的电脑确实被发现对飞机的正常飞行产生威胁
H段- 手机被禁止使用，而电脑没有被禁止。这不合理
I段- 各个利益方（除开手机使用者）都不希望取消手机在飞机上禁用的政策
J段- 手机禁用的政策将持续下去，尽管不合乎逻辑。
试题分析
Question 14-19
题目类型：
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
14
Would-be risk
A段第一句
A段第一句开头的potential for problem 等于would-be risk，意义为潜在危险，handle等于deal with ,后面就是答案 navigation and communications
15
Safety criteria
A段第二句
A段第二句有safeguard这个单词，所以继续往后看，发现emit radiation,取其中的radiation
16
Outside of a plane
A段第三句
A段第三句讲到fixed exterior,也就是飞机外面，对应题干的outside of a plane,所以答案就是这句话中antennae （天线）
17
Fuel load
C段最后一句
C段最后一句提到fuel level indicator,在这个并列前面那一项 smoke就是答案
18
RTCA
E段
RTCA是一个机构名称，我们定位到E段，发现这个机构的主张是禁止手机在飞机起飞，降落这些特殊时期使用，符合题干信息specific time
19
Computers
F段
F段阐述电脑比手机更加危险。在其中的cross其实是E段中的Marshall Cross的简称，所以我们选择Marshall cross
Question 20-22
题目类型：MATCHING
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
20
mobile phone, little risk
B段
该机构研究人员表明，几项研究都没有体现手机对于飞机飞行的实际干扰。所以应该选择B
21
dangerous
H段中第一句
提到了波音公司的观点，“常识表明，在飞机上使用手机比使用电脑更危险。符合题干信息
22
earlier devices
C段
出现的latest equipment与题干信息相符，确定这个信息的来源是英国民航局
Question 23-26题目类型：
SUMMARY COMPLETION
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
23
almost all
H段
两方专家的观点，对于到底是手机更危险还是电脑更危险明显持不同意见。所以不可能是all .答案是FALSE
24
radio emission
A段
无线电频信号对于飞机的飞行具有干扰性，所以答案是TRUE
25
economic, administrative
E段
手机目前被禁止的原因有多方因素。所以选择TRUE
26
debate
全文
全文都没有提及这两家机构有开展公开辩论。所以本题选择NOT GIVEN
参考答案：
Version 22206 主题 电子信号影响飞行
14
navigation and communications
15
radiation
16
antennae
17
smoke
18
C
19
D
20
B
21
E
22
A
23
FALSE
24
TRUE
25
TRUE
26
NOT GIVEN
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