英语语法略谈“not”用法种种

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【英语语法】英语语法略谈“not”用法种.种

略谈“not”用法种.种

我们都知道not是一个否定副词,但在具体语言环境中并非一律译成"不"。在此将not常见的用法做以归纳,以供大家参考。

1. not通常与be动词、助动词、情态动词连用以构成否定,常略作-n't。如果否定非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词),则置于非谓语动词之前。如:

They are not (aren't) here.

Did she see him? No, she didn't.

He warned me not to be late.

Not allowed to work, he got very

angry.

2. not用在动词think、suppose、believe、expect、hope、seem等,副词probably、perhaps等,及词组be afraid等后面,代替that引导的表示否定意义的从句。如:

-Will they come tomorrow?

-I suppose not.(=I suppose they will not come tomorrow.)

-Will it rain this afternoon?

-Probably not.(=Probably it will not rain.)

-May I come in?

-I'm afraid not. (=I'm afraid you can't.)

注:如果是肯定回答,则一般用so代替that引导的表示肯定意义的从句。

3. not与all、both、every、always、entirely等连用时可表示部分否定。如:

All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的未必都是金子。

Every person cannot do it. 并非每一个人都能做到这一点。

He is not always so kind to people.他并非总对人那么友好。

注:表示全部否定时,常用none、no、neither、never、 nowhere等,或者not与any、anything等连用也可表示全部否定,另外all、both、every等和带in-,un-,dis-等否定前缀的词连用时,也表示全部否定。如:

I know none of them. 他们中我一个人也不认识。

I don't know any of them. 我不认识他们中任何一个人。

All your answers are incorrect. 你的答案都不对。

4. 在主从复合句中,not一般根据需要对主句或从句进行否定。如:

He didn't say he would come. 他没说他要来。

He said he wouldn't come. 他说他不来了。

但表示看法的常用动词think、believe、suppose等后接宾语从句,或表示感觉的词语appear、seem、feel、feel like、look as if、sound like等后接从句时,这些从句如表示否定意义,一般将not放在主句中,这是英语的习惯用法。如:

I don't suppose that she will be back soon. 我想她不会很快回来。

It doesn't seem that we can win. 看来我们赢不了。

It doesn't look like rain. 看来不会下雨。

I don't feel I can stand it any longer. 我觉得再也受不了了。

Not 和 No 的用法差别

Not 和 No 的用法差别

一般说来，no相当于not any或not a，但有时两者用法略有差别或有较大差别。

一. 在“be+not (或no)+表语”结构中，用 not 仅是一般的否定，而用 no 作“决不”、“丝毫不”讲，否定语气比 not 强

I am not a physicist. 我不是物理学家。

I am no physicist. 我对物理一窍不通。

二. 在“not more(或其他词的比较级) ...than... ”和“no more(或其他词的比较级)...than...”中，前者为一般否定，而后者不仅使than前面内容被否定，也使 than 后面的内容也被否定，但原文在 than 后却不出现任何否定词

1. a) He is not more wounded than you. 他的伤不如你的重。

b) He is no more wounded than you. 他和你一样，没有受伤。

2. He can no more swim than I can fly. 他不能游泳，如同我不能飞一样。[ 从本句中能明显地看出，more 是单独作比较级使用。本句直译为：“他能游泳绝不比我能飞的可能性大。"“我不能飞”这是事实，但通过这种对比，却把“他不能游泳”也刻画出来了。同时必须指出，本句中还可用“not any more (= no more ) 和 than”连用的形式代替“no more 和 than”的连用，即可改写为：He cannot swim any more than I can fly. ]

This watch is not better than that one. 这块表不如那块好。

【注】上述前两句皆属于同类人或物进行对比。下例就不属于上述用法：

No one can be in China more than a few hours without sensing an enormous optimism. 任何人在中国只要呆上几小时，就会感到有一种巨大的乐观主义精神。[句中 more than a few fours 仅表示时间的数量，况且one (指人) 和 hours 不属于同类，无法进行对比。]

三. 与数字连用时，not more than ten 为“不超过10”(即至多10，也许低于10)，而 no more than 10则为“只有10”(着重表示“决不超过10，而只有10那么多”之意，给人以“数量不够大”的口气。not less than 50 为“至少50”(也许不止50)，而 no less than 50 则为“达到50”或“竟然有50”，并给人以“数量不小的”口气。因此，还可加译“竟然”或“高达”等字。注意这种用法还可推广到表示长、宽、厚等方面

1. no later than 11 o'clock 最晚11点钟(甚至不到11点钟)

2. His brother no less than you is wrong. (至少)跟你一样，他的兄弟也错了。

四. not 用于表示主句后面被否定的省略句

1. It is going to blow hard. 要刮大风吧。

We hope not. 我们希望不要刮大风。(不能说 We don't hope.)

2. Is there any doubt about it? 关于这件事还有什么疑义吗?

I think not. 我认为没有疑义。(不能用 I don't think so. 回答，因为对方并没有表明自己的任何观点。)

【注】具有上述用法的动词还有：suppose, believe, expect, fancy(设想)，seem, appear 等。

五. "All, both 或 every (包括 everything, everybody, everywhere 等)+ 否定式谓语 + …… ”不是全部否定，只是部分否定

1. All the answers are not right. (部分否定) = Not all the answers are right. 答案未必全对。

不要按字面译为“所有答案都不对。”如果要表达这个意思，英语就用："None of the answers are ( 或 is ) right. "

再如：All is not lost. 并非全失。(部分否定)

2. Every one cannot answer. (部分否定) = Not everyone can answer. 并非人人都能答上来。只有改为“No one can answer”时，才能译为“没有一个人能答上来。”

【注】“not...at all”表示全部否定，作“一点也不…… ”讲。例如：

I don't know them at all. 我一点也不认识他们。

六. 当否定式谓语和 always，often，quite, entirely，wholly，altogether 连用时，一般都是部分否定

1. The old house is not quite what it should be. 这老房子并不十分合乎理想。

2. He does not wholly ( altogether 或 entirely ) agree. 他并不完全同意。

七. 注意有时英语否定主句，而汉语译成否定后面的宾语从句

1. I do not think (that) the test will end in failure. 我认为试验不会以失败而告终。

2. I don't suppose (that) she will come. 我猜想她不会来。

【注】具有上述用法的主句谓语还有：imagine(想象)，fancy(设想)，reckon (认为)，believe，feel 等。但含义相似的 hope，fear，surmise (猜测)，presume (推测)，assume (假定) 等却都不具有 think 那样的否定用法。

英语轻松学 | so和not的回指用法

替代已经提及的事物：使用SO和NOT

1. 用so替代形容词

在正式英语里，so有时用于替代已经提及的形容词。

They are wildly inefficient and will remain so for some time to come.

他们效率极其低下，并且在未来一段时间内仍会如此。

They are just as isolated, if not more so, than before.

他们仍像以前一样孤立

2. if后的so和not

如果谈论的行为或情况已经提及，可用so代替if后面的分句。

Will that be enough? If so, do not ask for more.

那够了吗?如果够了，就别再要了。

not用于代替否定的分句，表示与已提及情况相反的情况。

You will probably have one of the two documents mentioned below. If not, you will have to buy one.

你可能会获得下面提到的两份文件之一。如果得不到，你就必须购买一份。

3. so和not与引述动词连用

在一些常见的引述动词后面，so和not也用于代替分句。此外，so和not还可用在I’m afraid后面，转述一个不受欢迎的事实。

—Are you all right?

—I think so.

你没事吧?

我想是的。

—You’re a sensible woman.

—I’ve always said so.

你是个通情达理的女人。

我一直是这样说的。

—You think he’s failed, don’t you?

下面这些引述动词可后接so和not：

believe, hope, say, tell

expect, imagine, suppose, think

注意，not作替代词与think、expect和believe连用是罕见或正式的用法。not偶然与say连用时，say的前面有情态词。

—Is this a coincidence?

—I would say not.

这是巧合吗?

我会说不。

so偶然用在分句的首位。这常具有对有关事实的真实性产生怀疑的效果。

Everybody in the world, so they say, has a double.

世上每一个人，反正大家都这样说，都有一个替身。

4. do so

do so用于表示perform the action just mentioned(执行刚提到的动作)。动词do的各种形式都可使用。这种结构相当正式。

A signal which should have turned to red failed to do so.

本该变为红色的信号没有变。

Most of those who signed the letter did so under pressure from their bosses.

那些在信上签名的人大多数是迫于老板的压力才签的。

She asked him to wait while she considered. He did so.

她在考虑的时候 要他等着。他照着做了。

Individuals are free to choose private insurance, and 10% of the population have done so.

个人可自由选择私人保险公司，有10%的人口已经这么做了。

—I’m afraid so.

你认为他失败了，对吗?

恐怕是的。，即使没有更孤立的话。

Why与Why not的用法

记得某年我教仁爱版英语九年级上册某单元某一Section时(因疫情在家，没找到相关课本，具体哪个Section遗忘)，我发现了一个Why在使用中的用法错误，于是给课本编辑打电话说明。第二天编辑打回电话，认为我的观点正确，并于再版时做了改正。然而，今年我教仁爱版英语八年级上册Unit 3，Topic 3中的Section B时，又发现了同样的问题。由此可见，Why与Why not的用法受汉语的影响是多么严重!现引述课本句子如下：

...

Jane: I saw it last week. It’s wonderful!

Michael: I don’t agree.

Jane: Why? Isn’t it interesting?

...

(仁爱版八年级上册第三单元 Topic 3 中Section B P73)

1. Why, as a question word, is used to ask about reasons and explanations:

Why did he leave home when he was 16?

Why didn’t you tell Tom about it?

--They've decided to move to Devon. 他们已经决定搬到德文了。

--Why? 为什么?

Note:

a. When we ask for reasons in speaking, we can use the phrase why is that? In informal conversations we often say why’s that?:

--She’s not going to college this year.

--Why’s that?

--She says she wants to travel for a while.

b. In informal contexts we sometimes use what for? with the same meaning of asking for a reason:

--Ann’s going to be really upset with me.

--What for?

--I forgot to call her back last night.

c. When we reply to a negative statement, we usually say why not?:

--I don’t like it here. 这里我不喜欢它。

--Why not? 为什么?

--He isn’t going to see her off at the station. 他不准备去车站送她。

--Why not? 为什么?

2. Why is used in indirect questions:

He asked me why I wanted to leave the job.

I wonder why he told nobody he was getting married.

3. Why is used on its own as a response:

--I’m going home now.

--Why?

4. Why ever or Why on earth is used to add emphasis and to show shock or surprise:

--Beth has decided to go on holiday by herself this year.

--Why ever would anyone want to go on holiday alone?

Why on earth has Julie bought me this expensive present?

5. That’s why …is used to give a reason:

--Frank and Ellen have three children now.

--That’s why they moved house. They needed more space.

--Ian’s not been feeling well recently, has he?

--No. That’s why he’s taken some time off.

6. Why should … is used when we are annoyed about something:

Why should old people have to worry about health insurance?

Note:Why should I? as a response is very direct and rude.

A is a mother and B is a child who is opening and closing the car window

A: Stop doing that.

B: Why should I?

7. “Why not ...?” is used to make a suggestion:

If you’re so unhappy, why not leave?

8. “Why not ...?” is used to express agreement:

--May I go with you? 我可以和你一起去吗?

--Why not? 可以呀。

--Let's go out for an Italian tonight.

--Yes, why not?

9. used to insist on his own opinions or ideas:

--Are you really going to sue them? 你真的要控告他们吗?

--Yes, why not? 是的，为什么不呢?

Note：We must use the infinitive without “to” in the questions beginning with “why not” or “why”. But Why not is used to make a suggestion and why is used to indicate that an action is unnecessary and meaningless.

--My girl-friend is in a bad mood. 我女朋友心情不好。

--Why not (Why don’t you) give her some flowers? 为什么不送给她一些花呢?

Why argue with him? He will never change his mind. 为什么跟他争论?他永远不会改变看法的。

根据上述why以及why not的用法，我们有理由可判断本文开头中所提仁爱版八上第三单第三话题中的Section B P73中的Why，应该是Why not。

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